Soviet roketi "Mphamvu" superheavy kalasi

"Mphamvu" - Union wapamwamba-lolemera Launch galimoto. Iye anali mmodzi wa amuna atatu amphamvu kuposa anamanga mzinga wa m'kalasi lomwelo - "Saturn V», komanso asadandaule kwambiri fated roketi H-1, iye anali kuloŵedwa m'malo. Chida china chinali cholinga chachikulu cha kuchotsa kanjira wa danga yoyenda Soviet, amene kanamusiyanitsa ku US, kuti avule ndi injini awo zoyendetsedwa ndi lalikulu thanki kunja mafuta. Ali 1987-1988, ndi "Mphamvu" kawiri anayenda mu mlengalenga, ndiyeno nkuyamba salinso ikuchitika, ngakhale kuti ku Soviet Union kunali kukhala njira yaikulu yoperekera Katundu kuti kanjira wa atumwi XXI.

mwezi kufalikira

Pambuyo Valentin Glushko anatsogolera TSKBEM (poyamba OKB-1), kuchotsa manyazi Vasily Mishin anakhala miyezi 20 ntchito pa chilengedwe cha m'munsi mwezi, zochokera kusinthidwa wa "purotoni" roketi kapangidwe Vladimir Chelomeya amene anali injini hypergolic Glushko.

Pofika kumayambiriro kwa 1976 Komabe, utsogoleri Soviet anaganiza kuti asiye pulogalamu mwezi ndi kuika pa malo yoyenda Soviet kuyambira yoyenda US anali ankamuona ngati nkhondo ndi United States. Ngakhale patapita "Buran" ndi ofanana kwambiri mpikisano, Glushko anapangidwa mmodzi atasintha amene walola kukhalabe pulogalamu yake mwezi.

Soviet yoyenda

The American yoyenda "Space Olumikiza" awiri olimba roketi boosters mphindi ziwiri kumwazikana chombo okwera 46 Km. Pambuyo kulekana chotengera awo ntchito injini ili mu gawo aft. M'mawu ena, danga chombo chinthu chimodzi, ali mwini wake roketi Launcher, ndi lalikulu kunja thanki mafuta, imene anali Ufumuyo, si chida. Iye yekha anafuna zonyamula mafuta injini waukulu yoyenda danga.

Glushko anaganiza kuti amange "Buran" onse opanda injini iliyonse. Zinali glider, cholinga kubwerera ku dziko lapansi zimene chimaonetsedwa pa injini kanjira kuti amaoneka ngati thanki mafuta a danga yoyenda American. Ndipotu zinali Roketi "Mphamvu". M'mawu ena, mlengi mkulu wa Soviet Union kuyika dongosolo mu makalasi danga yoyenda chilimbikitso "Saturn V» gawo, chimene chingalowe zingakhale kutumikira monga maziko mwezi amalikonda m'munsi.

mbadwo wacitatu

ndi chonyamulira roketi "Mphamvu" n'chiyani? chitukuko anayamba pamene Glushko anatsogolera CDBMB (Ndipotu dzina "Mphamvu" linagwiritsidwa ntchito dzina la kumene reorganized dipatimenti NGO kale mivi) ndi kunabweretsa ndi kapangidwe watsopano roketi ndege (RLA). Mu Union m'ma 1970. Soviet anali maroketi osachepera atatu - ". Purotoni" wokonzedwanso mwamakono ndi H-1 P-7, "chimphepochi" ndipo Onse a iwo amapanga osiyana ndi mzake, choncho ndalama yokonza awo anali ndi mkulu. Iwo anafunika kulenga kuwala, sing'anga, olemera ndi wapamwamba-lolemera magalimoto Launch, wopangidwa mwa imodzi yoikika wamba zigawo zikuluzikulu kwa m'badwo wachitatu spacecraft Soviet, ndi RLA Glushko yosayenera udindo umenewu.

RLA Series kuzilandira "pachimake" OKB Yangelya, koma amasinthira waukulu Launch magalimoto asowa kukhala kotheka kulimbikitsa "Mphamvu". Glushko anatenga mamangidwe ake RLA-135, imene inali yaikulu waukulu chilimbikitso gawo ndi accelerators detachable, ndipo anapereka limodzi ndi yodziyimira payokha "pachimake" Baibulo monga accelerators ndi lalikulu zida zatsopano, anayamba mu ofesi yake. pempholo analandira - chifukwa "Energia" roketi anabadwa.

Korolev zinali zolondola

Koma Glushko amayenera kutenga nkhonya wina kuti cholinga chake. Kwa zaka zambiri, Union danga pulogalamu kanali kovuta chifukwa chakuti iye sankagwirizana ndi Sergei Korolev, amene ankakhulupirira kuti lalikulu roketi madzi mpweya ndi wa hydrogen ndi utsi bwino. Choncho, mu H-1 Motors zinamangidwa kwambiri anazolowera mlengi Nikolai Kuznetsov ndi VPGlushko lolunjika pa chidulo nitric ndi dimethylhydrazine.

Ngakhale mafuta ndi kutenga ubwino monga kachulukidwe ndi woyenerera kwa yosungirako, koma ali wochepa mphamvu kwambiri ndi kwambiri poizoni, zomwe ndi vuto lalikulu ngati ngozi. Komanso, utsogoleri Soviet anali chidwi kuti andipeze ndi United States - USSR anali injini kwambiri mpweya madzi ndi wa hydrogen, pamene mu magawo wachiwiri ndi wachitatu "Saturn V» ntchito ngati injini chachikulu "Space yoyenda. " Mwina mwaufulu, mwina chifukwa mavuto a ndale, koma Glushko kuti ankafunika kupereka mu mkangano ake ndi Mfumukazi, amene zaka zisanu monga kulibenso moyo.

zaka 10 chitukuko

Kwa zaka khumi zotsatira (ili yaitali, koma osati kwambiri: kukhala "Saturn V» anatenga zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri) NPO "Energia" zachitika yaikulu gawo lalikulu. The boosters lateral anali ndi opepuka, ang'onoang'ono ndi ntchito injini kwa mpweya madzi ndi palafini, chirengedwe chimene Soviet Union zinachitikiranso lalikulukulu, kotero kuti chombo lonse anali wokonzeka ndege koyamba mu October 1986.

Mwatsoka, panalibe payload iye. Ngakhale chitukuko cha "Mphamvu" ndipo panali mavuto ena ndi udindo wa yoyenda ndi "Buran" Choipitsitsa kwambiri - sikunali ngakhale pafupi kutsiriza. Nthawi imeneyi dzina "Mphamvu" ankagwiritsa ntchito chonyamulira roketi ndi ndege mlengalenga. Apa ndi chothandiza tsenga Glushko. Roketi analibe kudikira theka lina anadzakhala akusasanyika. Mu chaka chatha wa chilengedwe chake, anaganiza kuti Tinayenda popanda "Buran".

mtundu "Polyus" mikono

latsopano payload "Polyus" analengedwa pakati m'dzinja 1985 ndi yophukira 1986. Iwo unali umodzi wa zinchito chipika katundu Vladimir Chelomeya redeveloped ku siteshoni danga gawo ndipo kugwirizana ndi gawo la ISS "Zarya". "Polyus" chinali choti osiyanasiyana zatsopano, koma ntchito yake yaikulu inali kuyesa 1-MW mpweya woipa laser - zida anakamba ku Soviet Union kuyambira 1983. Ndipotu, chirichonse sanali oopsa ngati izo zikumveka, kuyambira USSR anadzudzula United States kwa Strategic silikhali Initiative ndipo Mikhail Gorbachev sanafune pachiswe zimene America tingaphunzire za atasemphana asilikali. Summit mu Reykjavik inatha mu October 1986, ndipo dziko anadza pafupi kuchepetsa kwakukulu zida za nyukiliya, ndipo mu December 1987 anali pafupifupi kunena pangano pa kuchepetsa nkhondo sing'anga-osiyanasiyana. Various laser zigawo mwadala si ntchito, anali wokhoza younikira mipherezero, ndipo ngakhale Gorbachev yoletsedwa zinachitikira mwa kuchezera Baikonur kwa masiku angapo pamaso pa chiyambi. Komabe, ulendo Gorbachev zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa mizinga ofunda dzina (monga ankatsutsa yoyenda anafuna): mau "Mphamvu" anaonekera pa thupi lake atatsala pang'ono kufika kwa Mlembi General.

kulakwitsa pulogalamu

The Launch loyamba la chonyamulira roketi "Mphamvu" unachitika May 15, 1987 Pakuti masekondi angapo loyamba la ndege, pamaso chombo anasiya Launch Pad, ndi chimaonekadi wopindidwa, koma ndiye iye anasintha udindo wake pambuyo kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo chida maganizo kulamulira. Zitatero, "Mphamvu" anaulukira zokongola, limodzi ndi kung'anima limodzi, ndipo mwamsanga anatha mitambo otsika. Boosters anapambulwa molondola (ngakhale kuti izi ndi ndege yotsatira iwo sanali okonzeka ndi parachuti, umene ungampange awo kukonzanso ntchito), ndiyeno gawo lalikulu anasiya zone ya aone. Pambuyo moto roketi anasiyanitsidwa ndi "mzati" ndipo, monga momwe anakonzera, idagwa mu Pacific Ocean.

"Polyus" matani 80, ndi kufika mozungulira, iye anali kukhazikitsa roketi yake engine. Pakuti ichi kunali koyenera kukhota madigiri 180, koma chifukwa cha zolakwa pulogalamu pambuyo kuyambira gawo adzapitiriza kuthamanga, ndipo m'malo kusamukira kanjira apamwamba, zinagwera pansipa. Katundu gawo magalimoto ku Pacific Ocean.

Kupambana?

Ngakhale pa chiyambi-mmwamba ndipo analephera, chida unali wabwino kwathunthu. Ntchito pa "Buran" anapitiriza ndipo kumakhala anamaliza yoyenda (wokonzeka kuuluka, koma kupanga mphamvu zokwanira kwa tsiku limodzi mu kanjira) wakhala olumikizidwa kwa chombo chachiwiri kukhazikitsa ndi ntchito opanda November 15, 1988. Ndipo roketi "Mphamvu" kachiwiri akuthamanga mwangwiro (ndi kusintha mapulogalamu kuti sangalepheretse otsetsereka oopsa poyamba), ndipo nthawi imeneyi payload ake komanso sanamugwiritse Iye mwala, "Buran" mwachidziwikire tidakocheza ku Baikonur, onyamula ankasinthana awiri padziko lapansi maola atatu ndi mphindi makumi awiri ndi zisanu kenako.

Choncho, chiyambi cha 1989 Soviet Union anali roketi amphamvu kwambiri, kudakali chosaneneka. Iwo angathamange yoyenda payload ofanana katundu orbiters American, ndi palokha zingachititse kuti dziko kanjira otsika matani 88 a katundu, kapena kupulumutsa matani 32 pa mwezi (poyerekeza 118 mamita ndi 45 mamita ku "Saturn V» ndi 92, 7 mamita ndi 23,5 mamita kuchokera H-1). Izo zinakonzedwa kuonjezera zina index izi matani 100, ndipo ntchitoyi imachitika kukhazikitsa wapadera katundu chipinda ndinazolowera mmalo mwa "mzati". A Baibulo ang'onoang'ono a zida, lotchedwa "Mphamvu-M ', ndi injini ndi boosters awiri komanso mkati chomaliza chitukuko, ndipo anatha amapeza ndi payload kulemera matani 34.

mtengo

Kutha kwa Soviet Union wakhala chochititsa chachikulu cha kulephera ntchito. Pamene iye anali kuyamba kutenga pa mapazi ake, koma kufunika kuteteza zofuna chitetezo cha mayiko a wasoŵa monga ndalama zofunikira mishoni zikuluzikulu sayansi. Vuto lina linali lakuti "pachimake" boosters amapangidwa ndi magulu ili mu palokha Ukraine.

Komabe, ngakhale pamaso pa roketi "Mphamvu" yafala zokwanira - ngati palibe kuuluka kwa Moon, chitunda kuti kumayenda pamtunda woyenera pozungulira matani 100 Katundu anali zosafunika. Ife shuttles chomwe anayamba kupanga mu malo oyamba anali kuipa mofanana danga yoyenda US, koma chombo analibe ubwino malo okhawo, monga izo zinali mu US pamaso kuphulika kwa "Challenger" mu 1986.

kulira okhumudwa

NGOs Kutaya "Mphamvu" inachokera ku utumwi wake akufuna:

• Mpita mayikidwe lasers chachikulu kuti abwezeretse ozoni zaka zambirimbiri.
• Kumanga pa mwezi m'munsi kwa kupanga helium-3 ntchito makina amene maphatikizidwe, anayamba ndi Consortium lonse, amene adzakhala okonzeka 2050.
• Launch ya anakhala mafuta nyukiliya mu "n'chodabwitsa" pa kanjira heliocentric.

Mapeto ake adatsikira ku funso la chimene chinali chida waluso, zomwe sanathe kuti ang'onoang'ono, mtengo spacecraft - lililonse kuyamba "Mphamvu" ndalama $ miliyoni 240, ngakhale mlingo overvalued wa ruble yolimbana dollar mu malemu '80s. Ngati imalankhula zinalengedwa pokhapokha ngati kuli koyenera, zili chomera kwa kupanga mabomba adzakhala mwanaalirenji kuti ngakhale Soviet Union kapena Russia sakanakwanitsa.

chigonjetso Pyrrhic

Ngati tikugwirizana ndi chiphunzitso chakuti Soviet Union unasweka mu malo oyamba chifukwa cha mavuto a zachuma, zikhoza kukhala wololera kunena kuti "Mphamvu-Buran" zinali zimayambitsa zikuluzikulu za kugwa izi. Ntchito Chitsanzo cha ndalama kusalankhula kuti anawononga Soviet Union, ndi chikhalidwe linakhalapo anapitiriza anali kusala kukhazikitsa ntchito imeneyi.

Komano, zikhoza iriyonse kuti wamkulu zinawonongedwa mayiko amphamvu anachita Mikhail Gorbachev pa nkhaniyi ndalama za dziko, ndi Soviet Union akhoza kugwiritsa masiku ano, ngakhale Politburo pambuyo Konstantin Chernenko lotsogoleredwa ndi munthu wina.

malingaliro zotheka

Kusiya pambali maganizo wosangalatsa tatchulazi, "Mphamvu" akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukulozani kanjira chimodzi kapena zingapo lalikulu zigawo siteshoni danga, umene pambuyo pake kumaliza nyumba zigawo linanena bungwe ndi ntchito osakaniza "Energia-Buran": kumapeto 1991, Station " Mir-2 "inakonzedwanso ntchito zigawo 30 matani.

Komanso yomanga zotheka ali ndi mbedza ang'onoang'ono, n'cholinga ili laterally, pamene mu gawo kutsogolo kwa chombo cha.

Glushko mlingo kuti Soviet danga pulogalamu, monga zachitika kale, adzadutsa kusintha, anali olondola. Pamene osauka ndi spacecraft ndi Launch magalimoto mishoni zenizeni kwambiri, mbiri ikusonyeza kuti atalenga awo uka ndi njira yatsopano ya ntchito. Glushko anafa January 10, 1989, miyezi yosakwana awiri pambuyo "mphamvu" kwa wachiwiri ndi ndege lomaliza.

"Pachimake" ulemerero

Mpaka lero, "Mphamvu" alibe kuchiyang'anira. "Pachimake", ntchito ngati accelerator ake - ndi boosters yotsika mtengo wa dziko (2500-3600 $ pa kilogalamu). Mu 2010, NGO "Mphamvu" anagula nawo Consortium "Nyanja Launch" ndipo tsopano udindo imalankhula ku nsanja nyanja, komanso Baikonur Cosmodrome ku Kazakhstan.

Rd-170, cholinga kwa "pachimake" ndi "Mphamvu" analinso mmodzi wa bwino injini roketi. zosintha wake akhoza kudzitama ndi Korea South "Naro-1", ndi Russian chonyamulira roketi "Angara" ndi American "Atlas wa V", umene osati ntchito zolinga sayansi, monga kupereka mbala "Kyuriositi" ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa kafukufuku "New M'maso" Pluto komanso asilikali US. Kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa 1988 ndi lero.