Kuwala galasi ndi pamalo otukukira kunja-concave: kupanga ntchito. Mandala, kukuza galasi

Kuwala galasi - izo mwapadera galasi, amene ntchito ngati mbali kwa zipangizo kuwala. Kumasiyana ndi chiyero mwachizolowezi ndi chilungamo, pachilichonse ndi colorless. Komanso mosamalitsa osowa kupezeka ndi mphamvu refractive. Compliance ndi zofunika ngati kumawonjezera Kuvuta ndi mitengo ya zinthu.

nkhani

Mungapeze zitsanzo zambiri za ntchito zoweta magalasi, monga galasi lokulitsira - wamba galasi lokulitsira - izo zimathandiza kuti ziyerekezo yaing'ono kuchokera anzeru foni wamba, koma magalasi kuwala sanali kalekale.

magalasi akhala kuyambira Kale, koma choyamba kuyesa kwambiri kuti akonze zenera kuti ndi ofanana ndi kuti ntchito zipangizo zamakono, akhoza zimachitika m'zaka XVII. Choncho, German sayansi Kunkel mu imodzi mwa ntchito zake otchulidwa asidi phosphoric acid boric mu chigawo galasi. Iye ananenanso za korona borosilicate, amene ali pafupi ndi ena zipangizo zamakono zikuchokera. Izi zikhoza woyamba bwino zambiri kupanga ya mandala, akukhala ena katundu kuwala ndi digiri okwanira homogeneity thupi ndi mankhwala.

makampani

Kupanga galasi kuwala pamlingo mafakitale anayamba m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Swiss Gian molumikizana ndi Fraunhofer zinayambika pa imodzi mwa mafakitale ku Bavaria kokhazikika njira yopangira galasi amenewa. Bwino phwando anali kusungunula kusakaniza ntchito zoyenda zozungulira vertically kumizidwa mu ndodo dongo galasi. Chifukwa, izo zikanakhala zotheka kuti wodziwitsidwa galasi kuwala kwa zogwira mtima quality, ndi awiri a 250 mm.

kupanga zamakono

Pokonza akuda kuwala galasi ntchito zipangizo zowonjezera ndi mkuwa, selenium, golide, siliva ndi zitsulo zina. Kuphika amachokera mktae. Iwo anasenzetsa mu miphika fireproof, amene nawonso, aikidwa mu kapu limatsogolera ng'anjo. Mlandu zikuchokera akhoza monga mpaka 40% a galasi zinyalala, mfundo yofunika kuti zikuchokera galasi cullet ndi kuphika. Galasi kusungunula pa kuphika mosalekeza analimbikitsa ndi spatula anapanga ziwiya zadothi kapena pulatinamu. Choncho zimatheka boma homogeneous.

Nthawi ya Sungunulani naye mlandu, imene khalidwe ukulamulidwa. Chinthu chofunika ndi oyeretsa otentha: mu chikho kuchokera clarifiers mankhwala poyamba anawonjezera kuti zikuchokera mlandu, akuyamba kusankha yokulirapo kuchuluka kwa mpweya. Ndipamene thovu lalikulu adzauka mofulumira, tagwira nthawi yomweyo thovu ang'onoang'ono amatipeza anapanga pa ndondomeko kuphika.

Pomaliza, miphika ndi yotengedwa ng'anjo kenako akamazizira pang'onopang'ono. Yozizira, njira pang'onopang'ono wapadera, ukhoza kwa masiku atatu. Ziyenera kukhala yunifolomu, kapena kupangidwa mu unyinji wa nkhawa makina amene amayambitsa ming'alu.

katundu

Kuwala galasi - zakuthupi kuti yopanga magalasi. Nawonso, zidzasankhidwa ndi mtundu mu yosonkhanitsa ndi zimasweka. Anasonkhanitsa amatanthauza biconvex ndi plano-otukukira kunja mandala ndi concave-otukukira kunja, lili ndi dzina la "meniscus zabwino".

Galasi kuwala angapo a makhalidwe:

• refractive index anatsimikiza ndi mizere iwiri kawalidwe, amene otchedwa sodium doublet;
• pafupifupi masiyanidwe, amene amatanthauziridwa kuti kusiyana pakati pa index refractive mizere ofiira ndi buluu a sipekitiramu ndi;
• kupezeka chinthu - chiwerengero kwapatsidwa mwa chiŵerengero cha kupezeka pafupifupi ndi refractive Index.

Wachikuda kuwala galasi ntchito yopanga Zosefera mayamwidwe. Malinga ndi zinthu, pali mitundu itatu chachikulu cha galasi kuwala:

• zochita kupanga;
• Plexiglas (organic);
• mchere ndi organic.

The zikuchokera galasi zochita kupanga monga oxides ndi fluorides. Zinaphatikizidwa galasi kuwala imanenanso kuti zochita kupanga (mankhwala chilinganizo SiO _2). Khwatsi ali otsika refractive index ndi mkulu index la kufalitsa opepuka, amakhala ndi kukana kutentha. Lonse chilungamo osiyanasiyana angagwiritsidwe ntchito kutumiza mauthenga amakono (CHIKWANGWANI chamawonedwe chingwe, etc.), monga silicate galasi ndi chofunika kwambiri pa kupanga magalasi kuwala Mwachitsanzo, kupanga galasi lokulitsira wa khwatsi lapansi.

Pamaziko a pakachitsulo

Transparent silika galasi ukhoza kukhala kuwala ndi luso. Kuwala chopangidwa ndi kusungunuka thanthwe Krustalo, kotero okha analandira dongosolo kwathunthu homogeneous. The magalasi opaque udindo mtundu wa thovu yaing'ono mpweya mwa nkhaniyo.

Kuwonjezera pa silika galasi kutulutsa pa m'munsi pakachitsulo ndipo otchedwa galasi pakachitsulo, zomwe, ngakhale m'munsi ofanana ali katundu osiyana kuwala. Zinthu pakachitsulo akhoza diffract X-ray ndi cheza infuraredi pochitika.

plexiglass

Otchedwa galasi akiliriki zachokera pa polima zinthu zenizeni. Izi chimaonekera ndipo olimba zakuthupi ndi thermoplastic ndipo kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mmalo galasi khwatsi. Plexiglas kugonjetsedwa ndi zifukwa zambiri zachilengedwe monga chinyezi ndi kutentha otsika, koma lililonse limatisokoneza kwambiri choncho atengeke nkhawa makina. Chifukwa cha softness wa organic galasi kuwala basi processing - izo zikhoza "kutenga" ngakhale zida losavuta kudula zitsulo.

Nkhanizi mwangwiro oyenera mankhwala laser, n'zosavuta kutsatira chitsanzo kapena chosema. Monga mandala, iye anasonyeza kuwala infuraredi koma transmits kuwala ultraviolet ndi X-ray.

ntchito

Kuwala galasi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito yopangira magalasi, amene amapatsidwa ntchito mu kachitidwe ambiri kuwala. Single yosonkhanitsa mandala ntchito ngati galasi lokulitsira. The magalasi njira ndi mbali yofunika ya pulayimale kapena machitidwe monga zoyang'anira, scopes, microscopes, theodolites, telesikopu, makamera ndi zida.

Ofunika ndi galasi kuwala kwa zosowa za pochiza matenda a maso, chifukwa popanda zovuta kapena zosatheka kukonza zolakwa za pamaso (myopia, astigmatism, hyperopia, chosokoneza cha kulolera ndi matenda ena). Eyeglass ndi diopters zikhoza kupangidwa kaya kwa galasi khwatsi, ndi wa khalidwe pulasitiki mkulu.

zakuthambo

Kuwala magalasi ndi zofunika ndi mtengo kwambiri chigawo chimodzi cha makinawa iliyonse. mafani ambiri okha kusonkhanitsa refractors, zimenezi zimafuna pang'ono, koma zofunika kwambiri chinthu - plano galasi mandala.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma otsiriza wakupatsa magalasi amphamvu zakuthambo, ndi yeniyeni pa opukutidwa ake, izo zikhoza kutenga zaka zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1982, ku miliyoneya ndi Charles Yerkes anatembenuka mutu wa University of Chicago Vilyam Harper kupempha ndalama Observatory. Yerkes kuika mu izo pafupifupi madola zikwi, ndi zikwi makumi anai anathera pa ogulidwa ndi magalasi kwa amphamvu kwambiri pa nthawi ya makinawa pa dziko. Observatory unatchedwa ndi zachuma Yerkes, ndi kutali izi refractor mandala ndi awiri a 102 masentimita imatengedwa waukulu mu dziko.

Telesikopu ndi awiri lalikulu ndi amasonyeza, pali kuwala kukolola galasi amafotokozera.

Pali mtundu wina wa magalasi ntchito zakuthambo, mu pochiza matenda a maso - galasi ndi pamalo otukukira kunja-concave, ndilo lotchedwa meniscus. Zingakhale za mitundu iwiri: za kubalalika ndi kusonkhana. The kubalalika meniscus m'mphepete gawo chachikulu pakati ndi n'kakang'ono mu zopereka ndi mbali yofunikira.