Ndi kontinenti kum'mwera mu dziko

Ngati mufunsa anthu zana: "Kodi Africa kum'mwera pa dziko", pomwe, tsoka, angathe kuyankha osati aliyense. Kuti kukayikira kulikonse kwa anthu amene sakudziwa yankho la funso limeneli, malo mwakamodzi, kuti kontinenti kum'mwera ndi Antarctica. Iwo linatsegulidwa ndi ambiri aposachedwapa a m'mayiko dziko lapansi.

Pofunafuna Antarctica

The geographers wakale ndi apaulendo amaganiziridwa kuti Chigawo kum'mwera ayenera kukhala kontinenti kwambiri. Pa kufufuza Australia anapeza zomwe akhala kale gawo la Africa izi. Patapita nthawi, yodziwa chisumbu pafupi Antarctica. Kale kutsegula ake atapereka malingaliro ambiri za kukhalako kwa ena South dziko. Awapeze anatumiza maulendo ambiri, amene angakhoze kokha kudziwa zilumba zikuluzikulu padziko kulalikira, koma kumtunda kwa nthawi yaitali mbasowa. Mu phunziro New Zealand James Cook anapezeka kuti si ziyerekezo zilumba kum'mwera Africa.

Africa kum'mwera m'dziko anatsegula Russian ulendo kutsogoleredwa ndi F. F.Bellinsgauzena January 28, 1820. Mu 1831-33, Chingerezi wofufuza George. Biscoe anayenda mozungulira Antarctica. Cha m'ma 19 m'ma, chilikupita ku Antarctica adapitiriza chifukwa zosowa kuchuluka kwa whaling. Pa mapeto a XIX m'ma ku gombe la ayezi kumtunda chinayandama maulendo ambirimbiri: Norway, Scottish ndi Belgium.

Mu zaka 1898-99 Borchgrevink anakhala woyamba yozizira kum'mwera kumtunda (Cape Adare). Nthawi imeneyi, iye anatha kudziwa nyengo ndi madzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Iye ndiye zokakhala kumtunda kufufuza maonekedwe ake.

Kutsegula kwa zaka za m'ma 20

M'zaka za m'ma 20, kuphunzira ngodya ozizira a dziko anapitiriza. Mu ulendo 1901-04 kwa Africa kum'mwera (chithunzi chimene inu mukhoza kuona pansipa) yotentha ndi R. Scott. chombo wake "Apeza" afika kugombe la nyanja Ross. Chifukwa cha maulendowa Peninsula Edward ndi Ross Ice linatsegulidwa. Scott anali komweko akhoza kusonkhanitsa deta pa nthaka ya mchere, nyama ndi zomera za Antarctica.

Mu zaka 1907-09 Chingelezi wofufuza Shackleton amafuna kutenga pa sled kwa Pole South ndo mmodzi wa kuwundana yaikulu - Beardmore glacier. Koma chifukwa cha zotsatira za imfa ya agalu sled ndi ponies iye anali kubwerera asanafike mzati 178 Km.

Woyamba amene anali kukwaniritsa South Pole, anali Norway kumalo ozizira wofufuza R. Amundsen (December 1911). Patangotha mwezi umodzi ku North Pole anafika gulu kutsogoleredwa ndi Scott. Komabe, pamene ndimabwerera, asanafike 18 Km kwa msasa wawo m'munsi, maulendowa mphamvu zonse zatha. matupi awo ndi zolemba anapeza miyezi 8 yokha ina.

Great chopereka kuphunzira Antarctica wapanga ndi miyala ndi nthaka Australia D. Mawson, iye Anakaligawa pa 200 zinthu Hrs (dziko, Mfumukazi Elizabeth, Mfumukazi Mary, Mac Robertson ndi ena).

Mu 1928, Africa kum'mwera mu dziko pandege, anapita American wofufuza kumalo ozizira ndi woyendetsa R. Baird. Kuyambira 1928 mpaka 1947, motsogoleredwa wake, 4 Maulendo kunachitika zinachititsa kuti ntchito pa seismological, miyala ndi zina maphunziro. Asayansi anapezanso ku Antarctica ndi madipoziti lalikulu la malasha.

okwerera kafukufuku

Mu zaka 40-50 mu Africa achisanu ayamba kulenga siteshoni kafukufuku ndi maziko kwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja Research. Nthawi imeneyi inali pafupifupi 60 okwerera zochokera za mayiko 11.

Popeza malemu '50s mu nyanja kuti kusamba kumtunda mwachangu kuchititsa ntchito zikuluzikulu, ikuchitika Kafukufuku geophysical pa malo chokhala n'kupuma, anachititsa kukaona kumtunda. Mu 1959 izo anasaina mgwirizano wa mayiko pa Antarctica, zomwe zachititsa kuti kuphunzira ayezi Africa. Mu 1965 apo linatsegulidwa "Mirny" Soviet Observatory. Pa mtunda wa 1400 Km from gombe idamangidwa wina siteshoni kafukufuku USSR - "East". "Lazarev", "Novolazarevskaya", "Komsomolskaya" opanda 88.3 C, ndipo chiwerengerochi August kutentha m'dera limeneli ndi opanda 71 C. Kenako Antarctica kum'mwera Africa Soviet kudzadza okwerera angapo - kuti mbiri otsika kutentha chinalembedwa mu dera siteshoni "Leningrad", "Youth." Tsopano, pa mzati kunkafika pachimake chaka anatumiza maulendo osiyanasiyana.

Makhalidwe m'dzikoli

Kunkafika pachimake Africa lagona kwathunthu mu dera kum'mwera, ilo likutchedwa Antarctic (kuchokera Greek "odana" amatanthauza "wotsutsana ndi"), ndiko kuti, akutsutsana ndi dera kwambiri kumpoto kwa Dziko - kozizira.

Amene Africa lili ndi ndondomeko? Africa kum'mwera ali ndi madigiri a 48-60 Yu.Sh. Malo ndi maalumali ayezi - 13 975 000 mamita lalikulu. m. SIZE gawo ndi chokhala osaya 16.355 sq. m. M. kwambiri kumpoto kwenikweni - Cape Sifre, ndi yaitali kwambiri ndi yopapatiza motsatizana malangizo a America South.

Center kumtunda ali conventionally amatchedwa "mzati wa inaccessibility", izo lili 660 Km ku Pole South. Kutalika kwa katundu wambiri -. 30 thous Km.

mpumulo

Tiyenera kupitiriza kuphunzira Africa ozizira mwatsatanetsatane. Africa kum'mwera lagawidwa m'zigawo ziwiri: muzu ndi ayezi. Hinterland a Antarctica wotanganidwa ndi yachonde glacial amene amapita ku mzinda wa Chile mu mosabisa, ndipo kenako otsetsereka mokoma undulating. Ovuta kwambiri mtunda wa mabacteria m'mphepete mwa nyanja: madera ina ya pepala ayezi ndi ming'alu ndi zigwa lalikulu la maalumali ayezi pa zimene mungathe kuona zisoti ayezi. Antarctica - izo si kwambiri kum'mwera kontinenti a dziko lapansi, komanso apamwamba. Kutalika avareji pamwamba - 2040 m, yomwe ndi pafupifupi katatu kuposa kutalika avareji m'mayiko ena.

Kusiyana zimachititsa chilumbachi anaona mu gawo kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo m'dzikoli. East Antarctica - ndi ayezi pepala, lomwe likutuluka steeply kuchokera ku gombe ndi kumtunda amakhala m'chigwa. Chigawo cha pakati ndi yachititsa kuti akafike 4000 m, amaona ayezi kugawaniza. Mu West Antarctica atatu glaciation pakati ndi kutalika kwa 2.5 zikwi. Mamita. M'mphepete akutambasula m'chigwa cha maalumali ayezi. Mapiri apamwamba: Kerpatrik (4530 m) ndi apachipata (5140 m).

mchere

Mukufuna kuphunzira zambiri za kumtunda? Africa kum'mwera wolemera miyala ya zitsulo, malasha, graphite, thanthwe Krustalo, golide, ureniamu, mkuwa, Mica, siliva. Komabe, kugwira ntchito migodi ndi zovuta chifukwa cha pepala wamphamvu ayezi. Koma Mulimonsemo Antarctic subsoil ziyembekezo ndi lalitali kwambiri.

nyengo

Nyengo yozizira kumalo ozizira Africa ndi ku America. Ngakhale kuti usiku kumalo ozizira mu Antarctica kumatenga miyezi ingapo, pachaka okwana mlingo wa poizoni pafupifupi wofanana ndi magawo cheza mu zone ya kunyanja.

Kodi kum'mwera Africa ife tiri kupezedwa. Koma ngakhale malo ake mu Chigawo cha kum'mwera, izo ziri pano kuti pali mtengo ozizira dzikoli. Mu 1960, "Vostok" siteshoni chinalembedwa kutentha - 88,3 C. Wapakati yozizira kutentha - kuchokera - 60 C kwa - 70 C, ndi m'chilimwe - kuchokera -30 C kwa -50 C. Pafupi ndi thermometer m'mphepete mwa nyanja silituluka kuposa madigiri 10-12. M'nyengo yozizira pa gombe ndi za - 8 C. The ozizira misa mpweya wambiri zigawo chapakati Antarctica, kulenga katabatic mphepo, amene ali pa gombe la kufika imathamanga kwambiri, nthawi zambiri iwo ngakhale kuwasandutsa mvula yamphamvu. Chamvula kumachitika kawirikawiri komanso kokha mu mawonekedwe a chisanu. Chinyezi - osapitirira 5%.

Flora ndi zinyama

Inatsimikizira kuti zaka zambiri zapitazo pa dziko lino sanali yozizira wosatha. Zinali ofunda, ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja musati amaundana. Tsopano Komabe, nyama ndi zomera m'dera lino wakufayo kwambiri. Zomera Antarctica - ndere, buluu wobiriwira algae ndi ndere. nyama pano akupezeka tizilombo mapiko, nsomba madzi, nyama lapansi. M'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kukaikira mazira anyani, skuas, petrels, ndi moyo mu nyanja zisindikizo nyalugwe ndi zisindikizo.

America South

Ngati inu mukukhulupirira kuti America South - kum'mwera kumtunda, ndiye inu mukulakwitsa. Malowa ali pamtunda cha Kumwera ndi kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. kontinenti The chikugwirizana ndi North America ndi kamtunda kopita ku chilumba cha Panama, kum'mawa ndi nyanja ya Atlantic ndi kumadzulo - Pacific. Malo - miliyoni 17,8 mamita lalikulu. Km. (The Africa chachinayi yaikulu). Iwo ali 13% ya dziko. Kutalika kwa America South kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera - 7350 Km, kuchokera kummawa mpaka kumadzulo - za 4900 Km.

kontinenti agawidwa 6 malo ake apadera:

1. Andes phiri system (akuthamanga utali wonse wa kugombe la kumadzulo).
2. Brazil ndi Guiana okwera
3. Pool Orinoco (otsika kunama gawo pakati pa Guiana yachonde ndipo Venezuela Andes).
4. Amazon lowland (chochokera m'tsinde mwa Andes ku nyanja ya Atlantic).
5. Zigwa za Paraguay, Bolivia ndi Pampa Chaco.
6. Patagonia yachonde.

Mzinda yaikulu komanso ambiri mu America South: Santiago, Buenos Aires, Lima, Sao Paulo, Bogota, Rio de Janeiro, Caracas.

kontinenti m'mbuyomu

ndi kontinenti kum'mwera kwa nthawi yaitali anamenyera ufulu wawo chiyani? M'zaka za m'ma 16, America South anali njuchi ndi Spain. The Dutch, Apwitikizi, British anali kalikiliki okha kumpoto chakum'mawa. Kwa nthawi yaitali, gawo la mikango m'dzikoli kunali gawo kutsidya la Ufumu wa Spain. Wosamasula ku Spanish protectorate chinachitika mu zaka za m'ma 19 pamene Chifukwa cha nkhondo yoopsayo ufulu. Mu ethnically America South posakaniza amwenyewa, ndi Spanish, mitundu ina European ndi North America.

Ambiri limati kuti ili kumtunda, yodziwika ndi chitukuko ofooka zachuma. Komabe, ena a iwo anazindikira ndi mphamvu wamphamvu mafakitale.

Australia

South kumtunda Australia ndi za 5% ya padziko lapansi. Ngati Antarctica, ndi kwathunthu mu Kumwera kwa dziko lapansi. Amangonena kuti "wobiriwira kontinenti". Area kumtunda - 7.659.861 sq. Km. Iwo umachokera ku kumpoto chakum'mwera - 3700 Km, ndi kuchokera kummawa mpaka kumadzulo - za 4000 Km. Gombe - 35 877 Km. Makolokoto gombe la Africa m'malo m'goli. Madera ambiri makolokoto - kum'mwera ndi nyanja kumpoto.

Australia kusamba ndi Indian ndi Pacific, komanso nyanja: Tasman, Miyala ndi Timor. Suli kutali kumtunda ndi chilumba cha Tasmania, komanso chilumba cha New Guinea. Pa gombe kum'mawa ndi wapadera Great Barrier Reef (Malowa moti matanthwe ndi zilumba, m'litali ndi 2300 km). Pakati pa magombe a Australia ndi Barrier Reef ndi otchedwa Big Lagoon, ndi akuya 100 m, ndi bwino kutetezedwa ku mafunde nyanja.

nyengo

Tsopano tiyeni tiyang'ane pa nyengo ya mayiko kum'mwera, ndi mu zochitika za Australia. Pafupifupi atatu kotala ya m'gawo lake ndi wotanganidwa ndi zipululu, ndi theka-zipululu. madera kumpoto ndi mu kotentha, mu gawo kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa nyengo Mediterranean, ndi kum'mwera-kum'mawa ndi pachilumba cha Tasmania - ndi zolimbitsa.

Kodi tili kuno ku mapeto? Kodi Africa kum'mwera? Tsopano mukhoza bwinobwino kuti ndi ozizira ndi kosakhozeka kufikako Antarctica. Australia, nayenso, kotheratu cha Kumwera kwa dziko lapansi, koma mtunda kuchokera Africa ku Africa achisanu ndi makilomita zikwi zingapo.