Kodi zosiyana amatchedwa mbewu: Agriculture, fitotehniya, agronomy?

Mbewu kupanga - nthambi yofunika kwambiri ulimi, umene umabala 70% ya chonse cha anthu ankadya chakudya. Kukongoletsa ndi deciduous zomera ndi maluwa kukongoletsa nyumba zogundana m'madera Interiors. Anthu ambiri a zomera ntchito monga mafakitale, mankhwala ndi mafuta onunkhiritsa yaiwisi Pet chakudya. Kodi osiyana amatchedwa mbewu, mabuku, mabuku sayansi ndi otchuka ndi milozo? Funso limeneli likubwera mu asukulu, ophunzira a ku Yunivesite komanso akatswiri ntchito yosiyana Boma la chuma. Tiyeni tione zimene ntchitoyi zosiyanasiyana pa zaka dzina lake.

Kodi mbewu dzina?

The kusintha kwa moyo Kukwatiwa - mwambo wofunika kwambiri mu dziko achikale. Panali yodalirika kwambiri chakudya kuposa kusonkhana zipatso ndi mbewu mu chikhalidwe. Ku Ulaya, kwa zaka mbewu waukulu ulimi ndi dzinthu, chogwidwa ndi zipangizo wosazindikira kulima nthaka. Ofufuza, apaulendo, amalonda anabweretsa zomera latsopano: zipatso, mavwende, masamba, mbatata. Pa chiyambi cha XX ndi XXI m'ma kwachititsa njira zamakono za kulima ndi kulima mbewu. ulimi akupitiriza kusintha pamaso pathu. Ntchito zamakono pa magawo onse a ulimi. M'minda ya ntchito, tillage latsopano ndi kukolola makina.

Kutembenuza tsamba ya madikishonale ndi mabuku, mungaphunzire mmene osiyana amatchedwa mbewu, kodi kulunjika ya nthambi imeneyi ya ulimi. Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana mawu:

• zaulimi;
• husbandry;
• mbewu;
• Agriculture (kuchokera ku mawu a Chigiriki "Agros" - "munda");
• fitotehniya;
• agronomy.

Agriculture - maziko a mbewu

ntchito zothandiza paulimi zochokera kafukufuku angapo sayansi: zamoyo, umagwirira, zachilengedwe. Kuuza chidziwitso cha gulu botanical, katundu nthaka, kulima sayansi. Mu "The Complete Encyclopedia a Russian ulimi Sciences amakhala naye," linasindikizidwa ku Russia (1900-1912), makampani lonse amatchedwa agronomy. Mu "Handbook Russian mlimi", lolembedwa ndi VG Nyquist (1913) Ikufotokozanso dzina la mbewu ina - fitotehniya. Zaka m'mbuyomu anapanga mbali zina za makampani:

• olimapo ulimi - ulimi wa mbewu monga chimanga (tirigu, mpunga, chimanga), luso (mpendadzuwa, nzimbe, thonje), mbewu forage;
• masamba - kukula zomera m'munda (kabichi, anyezi, tsabola, tomato ndi zina);

• horticulture - kulima zipatso pome zipatso mwala, mphesa ndi mbewu zina;
• zomera yokongola;
• maluwa;
• meadows;
• zankhalango.

akatswiri ulimi kukhala njira zaulimi ndi mitundu mbewu, kusintha njira kulima nthaka, kupanga hybrids ndi mitundu amene kugonjetsedwa ndi matenda ndi tizilombo toononga. nkhani mabvuto mu gawo ndi kuti kuchepetsa, kuchepetsa kudalira zinthu zachilengedwe.

Intensification ulimi

World ulimi kusiyana pompopompo. Kuchuluka zokolola, mankhwala khalidwe, umisiri mafakitale tikuuzidwa. Kodi osiyana amatchedwa mbewu kuti ndi zambiri amatikumbutsa mafakitale? Onse zambiri ntchito mawu akuti "njira zaulimi." Cropping zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito nambala njira:

• tillage;
• ntchito mchere ndi feteleza organic;
• yokonza mbewu, kubzala chuma;
• kufesa ndi kubzala;
• kusamalira a m'minda potengera makhalidwe zamoyo chomera, ndi nyengo ya nyengo;
• yokolola.

"Zoyamba za ulimi kwagona nthaka ungalipeze kumbuyo zonse iye adatenga" - analemba anayambitsa zimapangidwira ulimi Yusto Von Liebig. Pa anapeza sayansi ndi miyambo ya dziko kunja mbewu zochokera gwero ndi nthaka dongosolo kusamala "bandpass» (Mzere-mpaka), «osachepera» (Mini-Mpaka) ndi "ziro» (Nou-Mpaka) tillage. Iwo bwino ntchito mu United States, Germany, Russia, Ukraine ndi chiwerengero cha zigawo Canada. Technology umalimbana kuteteza nthaka, mphamvu yakupulumutsa. Opanga zipangizo zaulimi yaiwisi kukhala processing ndi kugulitsa katundu pa "munda - kupanga - kauntala." Makamaka zofunika ndi mfundo imeneyi kukula chakudya organic.

ofukula munda

Kodi njira bwino paulimi popanda nthaka. Chifukwa chaichi, madzi ntchito, munali mu kapangidwe kake zakudya zofunikira. Kodi zosiyana amatchedwa mbewu kuti sikutanthauza nthaka? Iyi ndi njira watsopano yopangira mbewu - hydroponics. Mu Greek zikutanthauza ntchito "ntchito njira".

mbewu Industrial, zochokera hydroponics, anaonekera ndi posachedwapa. yogawa ake amagwirizana ndi mayunitsi mkulu Mwachangu kuti akhoza adzaikidwa pa wina ndi mzake, kupanga minda ofukula ndi minda ya zipatso. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya osakaniza chakudya michere mizu ya zomera. njira angapo ubwino. Amafuna zochepa malo kupanga zochepa kuwononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthaka kubweretsa matenda, tizilombo ndi mphutsi. Madzimadzi ntchito mukhoza zidzawonjezedwa kwa zinthu imathandizira kukula kwa malamulo nthawi ya maluwa ndi kucha.

Agriculture, floriculture ndi thanzi

The luso kupeza mankhwala chakudya ankagwiritsa ntchito akuyesetsa zimapangidwira, zosinthidwa chibadwa (GMO). Vuto lina ndi ntchito feteleza asafe, imbaenda kudzikundikira mu masamba, zipatso, mavwende carcinogenic mankhwala - ku feteleza. kungasokoneze za umoyo wa anthu mu ntchito ya mbewu ya agrochemicals ena. Uliwonse dziko, anakhazikitsa malamulo a ntchito yawo, amene kuunikira ntchito phytosanitary.

A malangizo zingamuthandize ndi ulimi organic. Katundu wake (achilengedwe, wochezeka) mkulu zofunika. Makampani ulimi ndi alimi ntchito mankhwala kupanga ndi GMOs mu kulima mbewu, mu processing a zipangizo za chakudya.

Makope zinthu pansi ulimi zachilengedwe umamumvera chiwembu cha.

Panopa, asayansi ya zaulimi ndi madokotala kusintha njira zawo kupanga. Ambiri kufalitsidwa makompyuta ulamuliro amasokoneza alimi osauka njira amuzolengedwa ndi majini kusintha chitetezo chokwanira zomera. Kuyenera wotchuka kwambiri mankhwala Eco-wochezeka, makamaka m'dziko anayamba.