N'chokwana Shikai: yonena, zithunzi. China pansi Pulezidenti n'chokwana Shikai

anthu ochepa mukudziwa kuti mu zaka za m'ma 20 ku China anakhazikitsidwa latsopano lachifumu mafumu, womwe unatenga masiku 83 okha. Munthu amene anapanga pantchito yabwino ya autocrat ochiritsira nkhondo ndi ufumu waukulu, wotchedwa n'chokwana Shikai. yonena ake muli mfundo zambiri zochititsa chidwi, zomwe yankhoyi ifunika ku welenga.

Childhood ndi yunnosti

Tsogolo Chinese wolamulira n'chokwana Shikai anabadwa mu 1959 m'mudzi wa Zhandzhun ili mu Chenzhou Prefecture (Henan), ndi banja la asilikali. Makolo ake anali anthu olemera ndithu, kotero anapatsa mwana wake yabwino maphunziro Confucius. Komabe, iye sasamalira changu kwambiri kuphunzira, koma ankakonda kukwera kavalo ndi luso chikhalidwe. Chifukwa, n'chokwana Shikai analephera kawiri pochitika kuona yachifumu ndi zokhala msilikali, poganiza osachepera monga ntchiyo, makamaka pakati pa anthu a pabanja lake anali Atsogoleri ambiri ankhondo.

ntchito ya usilikali

Kumapeto kwa 1870 n'chokwana Shikai anatenga Anhui asilikali analamula mkulu Li Hongzhang, ndi kapangidwe kake anatumizidwa ku Korea. Apo iye anali mumalimba talente yake ngati kulinganiza amene zinaonedwa. Chifukwa cha Shikai anaikidwa nthumwi za mfumu Chinese ku Seoul, koma de A facto mutu wa m'boma, zomwe ndi zinthu zina, kwachititsa nkhawa mu Japan. NKHONDO yoyamba ya zinachititsa kuti kugonjetsedwa kwa Qing Ufumu, amene anali kuganizira kuti modernize usilikali. Beiyang kutsogolera chilengedwe wa gulu latsopano pa chitsanzo German wasankhidwa ambiri n'chokwana Shikai.

Atamwalira Li Hongzhang mu 1901 analandiranso malo bwanamkubwa wa Zhili. Pambuyo paudindo ena anapanga ndi Dowager Mfumukazi Cixi, zalimbitsa okha udindo wa Shikai.

Kuthandiza pa kusintha

M'zaka zoyambirira za m'ma 20, n'chokwana Shikai anachita ntchito yogwira pafupifupi kukonza ikuchitika mu msasa, kuphatikizapo chilengedwe cha Unduna wa Maphunziro ndi apolisi. Iye akwaniritsa mphamvu mu 1908, a Dowager Mfumukazi poona imfa yake zam'tsogolo, analamula wa onse. Komabe, wopondereza m'tsogolo anasankha bwino kwambiri: anasamutsa mphamvu zake zonse kwa regent yemwenso - wamng'ono Mfumu Pu Yi - ndipo anatengedwa kupita ku ukapolo zaufulu mu kumudzi kwawo.

Kusankhidwa kwa pulezidenti

Mu 1911, m'madera ambiri a kugalukira odana ndi boma dziko kunabuka. Kupondereza chithandizo chofunika n'chokwana. Iye anauzidwa kuti apite ku likulu la dziko anaikidwa Nduna. Nthawi imeneyi dziko mu chisokonezeko, ndipo tsiku lililonse zigawo zambiri pansi pa ulamuliro wa Republican. N'chokwana Shikai mwamsanga kupeza ndipo anayamba kutsogolera ndi sewero awiri. Motero, anakonza zoti kulandidwa kwa Manchu mafumu, amene anatumikira kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo anasankhidwa pulezidenti woyamba wa Republican China. Nthawi yomweyo ndalama zapadera unayambitsidwa. N'chokwana Shikai analengeza iye anayambitsa Republic, koma sanali. Mu lamuloli sanaletse, popeza cholinga chake chinali kulenga mafumu atsopano.

China pansi Pulezidenti n'chokwana Shikai

Mu 1915, ku Republic of China anali zochitika za kulimbana kwa mphamvu zazikulu ndi atsogoleri a mabanja omwe ankafuna kuti akathyole chidutswa zikuluzikulu. Ndiye n'chokwana Shikai, amene yonena - ndi nkhani ya kukwera zonse misanje nthawi yandale yatsopano, anaganiza kukhala wolamulira wa yekha China. Kuchita izi, iye kusungunuka Assembly National ndi kuti iye pulezidenti moyo. Ndiye Shikai adayamba kulengedwa kwa Chinese Ufumu.

Ngakhale cholinga chake chinali zothandiza ndipo analengeza cholinga cha kukwaniritsa bata ndi mutendele, anthu a pansi pa ulamuliro wake lafika poipa kwambiri kuposa Mafumu Qing. Chifukwa, mu zigawo Apanso kupanduka kunabuka.

Mkwiyo wa Chinese analeka, pamene n'chokwana Shikai otchedwa Assembly Anthu, lomwe anamuitana kuti adzakhala mfumu ndi kukhazikitsa mafumu atsopano. Utsogoleri woyamba modzichepetsa anakana, koma kenako mowolowa manja anavomera "cede" pempho la anthu Chinese.

Mapeto a kupondereza ndi

Posakhalitsa kunapezeka kuti malamulo a n'chokwana worsens okha mmene zinthu zilili m'dziko. Iye anali osatchuka kwambiri pakati pa Chinese, monga latsopano "mfumu" mowolowa manja anagawira boma kumtunda achibale awo, inam'lola adzafunkha chuma ndi kuwononga otsutsa. Komanso, wolamulira anayesa kuyandikira kwa mafumu ena, ndiponso amakonza zoti ukwati wa mwana wake ndi chiwonongeko cha Mfumu Pu Yi

Kumverera kuti akulamulira monga mfumu amalephera, March 22, 1916 n'chokwana Shikai analengeza chiyembekezo chakuti mafumu ndi kuti Iye akugwirizira udindo wa Pulezidenti wamuyaya wa dziko.

Utsogoleri anafa June 6, 1916 ku uremia. imfa yake analumphira dziko mu chisokonezeko zambiri, anamaliza kugwirizana kwa China pansi pa Kuomintang.

Kenako mu numismatics

Pa yochepa ulamuliro wake, wopondereza anakwanitsa kumasula banknotes ndi fano lake. Kupanga masitampu iye anali atalamula Italy Luidzhi Dzhiordzhi. Posakhalitsa, ndalama woyamba kupangidwa. N'chokwana Shikai pa izo anafaniziridwa zovala zonse zankhondo m'njira European. Ake zimangokhala wofanana dola imodzi. Monga kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi golide, siliva ndi mkuwa (mitundu mayeso). Komanso, mtundu woyamba wa ndalama zinali mwina kachikumbutso. Iwo anali odzipereka kwa m'munsi mwa Republic ndipo anafuna kuti zolinga ulaliki.

Kumapeto kwa 1914 analowa ndalama makope siliva mu zipembedzo 1 n'chokwana (USD), komanso 10, 20 ndi 50 Jiao (masenti). Mu Tyanztsine kupangidwa monga 5 n'chokwana golide. Pa n'zosiyana wa ndalama zotsatirazi chinjoka. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Chinese yomweyo ikutchedwa ndi ndalama latsopano "wandiweyani mutu", monga "mfumu" anali mafuta kwambiri munthu. Kulemera ndalama 1 dola anali magalamu 26,7-26,9, kotero zolemba options golide ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa amene anali n'chokwana Shikai. "Ndalama" (China), nthawi ya ulamuliro wake ndi olandiridwa kupeza kwa okhometsa. Koma masiku ano, tikudziwa Nthawi zambiri pamene mipukutu yoyambirirayo kuyesera kugulitsa wochenjera chinyengo.