Chilazi Zapolskaya osayanjanitsika - pangano mtendere pakati pa Commonwealth ndi ufumu Russian

Russia ndi Poland kuti anachita nkhondo ndi mzake kwa zaka zambiri. Imodzi mwa mikangano imeneyi kunali mbali yofunika ya Livonia nkhondo, imene Baltic States anakumana zofuna za madera osiyanasiyana.

Kodi Livonia Nkhondo

Mu 1558, Russian Tsar Ivan m'khutu anagonjetsa dera la Order Livonia. Iye ankafuna kuti apambane m'zigawo Baltic m'gawo la masiku ano Estonia ndi Latvia. Tinkakhala pano pamaso pa a mitundu, ndi m'zaka za zana XIII, ndi Akhristu anafika kuno Akatolika. Anayambitsa Order Livonia, anamanga Riga ndi mipanda zina zambiri.

The Akhristu kumenyana ndi osakhulupirira pa chilolezo ndinalandira kwa Papa. Kwa anthu, maganizo awo, maganizo ndi Orthodox, amenenso analipira msonkho kwa Golden gulu. Choncho, Ankhondo a Livonia kumenyana Alexander Nevsky. M'tsogolo, nkhondo wakhala mpaka kalekale n'kusokoneza yekha mu mawu a osayanjanitsika a.

Ndi nthawi Ndinayambanso analamulira Grozny, Russia ogwirizana padziko Moscow, adaponya pansi pa Chitata goli, ndipo anayamba ndi kuwonjezeka bwino kum'mawa (ndi adani a Kazan ndi Astrakhan). Ivan IV ankakhulupirira kuti wofooka Livonia Order sakanakhoza kupereka kukana kwambiri.

Nthawi yoyamba ya nkhondoyo inali kwenikweni bwino kwa Russia. Voivod mfumu analanda Dorpat, Narva ndiponso mizinda ina zikuluzikulu. Izi zonse zinasintha pamene mphamvu yoyandikana nayo amalowerera. Zinali Sweden, Rzeczpospolita (mgwirizano andale a Poland ndi Lithuania), ndipo Denmark (Pamlingo wamng'ono). Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo m'khutu anakapezeka udindo zovuta zokhazi.

Zikutha m'mayiko a maiko wandewu

Komabe, zaka yaitali ya nkhondo anapita bwino zosakhalitsa mu kulimbana ndi Poland ndi Lithuania. Choncho 1564 asilikali a Russia anagonjetsa Polotsk (mzinda, amene alinso amkunkhuniza ufulu Rurik). Koma iye anatsatira pambuyo kugonjetsedwa pa Nkhondo ya Chashniki.

zolephera mfundo yachilendo limodzi ndi mantha mu Russia. Atamwalira lachinsinsi la wake woyamba mkazi wa Ivan Grozny anakhala Muzisamala poyerekezera ndi malo awo. Lodana ndi mantha wosakhulupirika zinachititsa kuti nkhanza. Ngakhale mu Moscow, chimphona otentha skillet kuzunzidwa ndi kazembe asilikali anagonjetsedwa pambuyo kugonja.

Pomaliza, mu 1577, analipereka ku Polotsk, ndipo asilikali a Sweden analanda Narva. Ndi kuyamika kokha kwa ungwazi kukaniza anthu ndi anakwanitsa kusiya alowererepo yachilendo. Zitsulo mu 1581-1582 gg. anavutika woterowu Pskov ndi Swedish alephera pansi mtedza. nkhondoyo inali kale zaka 24, ndipo zikutha m'mayiko dziko anafunika mtendere.

Zikuchokera Nthumwizo

Best wa onse osayanjanitsika chilazi Zapolskaya ndi zokambirana zikugwirizananso mu Maulendo a Antonio Possevino. Zinali Akatolika ndi nthumwi odziwa. Iye anaimira zofuna za tchalitchi cha Katolika zokambirana pakati Poland ndi Russia. Komanso, iye anali mlembi waluso, ndipo anatha kupereka zonse kwa njirayi zovuta.

Zokambirana anayamba December 13, mu 1581. Ndipo malo anasankhidwa malo mailosi pang'ono kuchokera Zapolskoho Dzenje (choncho dzina). Iye anali pafupi malire zakale pafupi ndi mzinda Russian wa Pskov, amene adakali posachedwapa anali kuzungulira ndi Polish Mfumu Stefan Batory. Chilazi Zapolskiy mtendere anapangidwa pafupi ndi nkhondo malo posachedwapa.

Palibe a olamulira a sanapite ku nkhani. zofuna zawo awa akuimira oimira ambiri. Ndi Zitsulo Lithuanians anafika Braslavsky kazembe Janusz Zbarazhsky, Niasvizh ndi Prince Albrecht olyksky Radzvill ndi mlembi Miail Garaburda. Ivan Grozny komanso sanali stint pa parliamentarians lapansi. Iwo anali Kashinskij Bwanamkubwa wotchedwa Dmitry Eletskii, Kozelskiy kazembe wa Roma Alferov ndi kalaliki Nikita Vereshchagin. Chilazi Zapolskaya osayanjanitsika anali anamaliza nkhoswe ndi zatchulidwazi Jesuit Antonio Possevino.

Zokambirana mu Livonia

Zokambirana anapitiriza kwa mwezi umodzi. Pomaliza, January 15, 1582 yosainidwa chilazi Zapolskaya osayanjanitsika. zikhalidwe zake zinali zovuta kwa Russia, koma mogwirizana kwambiri ndi mfundo imeneyi zosasangalatsa.

Ivan IV anakana mizinda yonse imene iye anagonjetsa Livonia. Iwo anali ambiri forts zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Nazi basi yaing'ono mndandanda wa Zitsanzo: anabwereza Alista, Volodymyrets, Dorpat, Krutsborg, Zalipidwa, Rivne, Tarvaz, Chestvin, etc. ambiri maina awa akhala historicism ... Tsopano midzi awa ali ndi maina malo m'zinenero dziko - Chilativiya ndi Estonia. Yotsala ya Livonia panthawi imeneyo anali kulamulidwa ndi Sweden (mgwirizano wake anasaina chaka chotsatira).

mawu lina la chigwirizano

Komanso, chilazi Zapolskaya osayanjanitsika ikuti tsoka la mzinda, amene pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana walandidwa Ivanom Groznym mu Grand Duchy la Lithuania. Iwo anali Velizh ndi Polotsk. Russian mfumu anakana (ngakhale chimenechi mwambo, kuyambira pa nthawi imeneyo iwo anagonjetsa Stefan Batory).

Polish mfumu anavomera kubwerera ku mizinda imene anagwira ku Russia. Zinali Wamkulu Luka Hill, Nevel ndi Zavolochye. Chilazi Zapolskiy dziko nkhani imene anabwereza mmbuyo ndi Pskov oyandikana, wotanganidwa pa kuzinga lomaliza.

Land kuti wagwidwa Livonia Sweden pa nthawi ya kusainira chikalatacho, onse analandira pepala. Komabe, Zitsulo neno kuti iwo samanena pa madera awa. Choncho kukondera anali anamaliza chilazi Zapolskaya osayanjanitsika. Deti la kusaina ake anali kudzipatula kumayambiriro kwa bukuli.

Tsoka la osayanjanitsika

Ngakhale izi, aliyense anamvetsa kuti ichi ndi munthu wotopa, ndipo Nkhondo itatha kwa kanthawi. Chilazi Zapolskaya osayanjanitsika ndi Poland apeza kuti nthawi ya zaka 10. M'tsogolo angathe. Mbiri yasonyeza pangano anakhalabe panopa mpaka Nthawi ya Mavuto mu Russia. Pambuyo Ivan Grozny anafa, mwana wake Theodore ndi onse wa oloŵa awo, Rurik mafumu ikayandikira. Kuyambira nkhondo pakati pa magulu boyars amati ulamuliro.

Pa nthawi yomweyo ya Chipolishi Chilituyaniya Commonwealth anabwera winawake amene ankadzitcha opulumuka Tsarevich wotchedwa Dmitry - mwana Ivana Groznogo, amene anamwalira mwana Uglich mu 1591. Adventurer dzina lake Grigoriem Otrepevym. Iye anali wobisala mmonke. Iye amapereka mwa mfumu Polish, amene ndiye kuti agonjetse Russia, lomwe linaphwanya chilazi Zapolskaya osayanjanitsika. Chaka anazinga Smolensk, ndiyeno mwachidule wotanganidwa Moscow. Pomaliza, dziko Russian asilikali anamuchotsa Zitsulo, ndi boyars anasankhidwa mfumu Mikhail Romanov, amene anakhala tate wa latsopano mafumu omwe analamulira zaka mazana atatu.