Ndi shorthand Kodi - mfundo mbiri ndi maganizo panopa

Kodi shorthand - mudziwe cholinga osati kukakomana ndi ludzu kudziwa Nditchimo owerenga, komanso ali ndi ntchito zothandiza anthu amene zochita ogwirizana ndi kufunikira kwake kwa maganizo ndi processing wa buku lalikulu la malemba analankhula.

preconditions mbiri ya kalembedwe ka

ABC, unakhazikitsidwa m'ma 9 mkulu wa Byzantine Mfumu abale Cyril ndi Methodius, kuti ntchito yomasulira mabuku Greek zamulungu mu Asilavo. Koma zikumveka ndi chomasuka ntchito za Chisililiki machitidwe zilembo chizindikiro chinathandiza mofulumira ndi lonse kufalitsa Asilavo Analembera Language ndi ntchito osati dera achipembedzo, komanso m'nyumba ndi malonda msinkhu.

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 10 Asilavo zilembo anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa dera la Old boma Russian ndi chilankhulo mpingo. Old chinenero Chisilavo pang'onopang'ono kusinthidwa mchikakamizo cha East Asilavo kulankhula colloquial, zimene zinabweretsa zinthu zatsopano izo.

mipukutu zilipo asiya asayansi mme- zamoyo wa chizindikiro kusonyeza Chisililiki. Magawo a zosintha wakale wosasintha monga kalata mosavomerezeka (m'mipukutu yakale kwambiri akale 11), theka-uncial, ntchito kuyambira m'ma 14 ndipo anakhala chitsanzo kwa malemba a bukhu loyamba kusindikizidwa ku Russia, ndi kalembedwe ka, amene anaonekera pafupifupi imodzi ndi halfuncial.

Magawo chitukuko cha dongosolo Russian kalembedwe ka

Old Russian kalembedwe ka anatuluka monga mbali yofunika ya ntchito kalata, koma posakhalitsa wabweza ntchito onse. Kodi kalembedwe ka, izo kudziwika kwa anthu onse, ndipo icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu madera onse a moyo.

Kwa zaka 16-17 kalembedwe ka amakhala pafupifupi palokha ndipo kupanga mtundu wa kulemba, ena zinthu zimene sizinasinthe mu nthawi yathu.

Zizindikiro zikuluzikulu za kalembedwe ka

Kalembedwe ka anali zingapo zochititsa chosiyana. Chachikulu kusiyana mitundu ina ya mabuku akale Russian anali pafupifupi kusiyidwa kwa geometricity chizindikiro zosabvuta yofunika kwambiri powerenga kulemba makalata, mayiko ndi liwiro la fano. Kupanga zilembo osiyanasiyana adzakhale zosiyanasiyana kulemba makalata zazikulu ndi lowercase, kalembedwe muli zikwapu, zingwe zopota, yophunzitsa kuposa mzere, pali tsankho Mgwirizano makalata.

Chikhumbo imathandizira kulemba ndondomeko kenako zinachititsa kuti ufulu ndi chomasuka lettering, maonekedwe a zosiyanasiyana mafano awo (cholembedwa) maphatikizidwe kulemba mizere.

kalembedwe ka yapachiweniweni

Zoyambirira za m'ma 18 ikutha kupanga kalembedwe ka wotchedwa wakale Russian mbiri yakale. Siteji yotsatira chitukuko kulemba kalembedwe ka ku Russia, anadzatchedwa boma. Iwo amakhala ndi zosabvuta ndi Kugwirizana kwa chizindikiro, chiyembekezo chakuti ena a zanyengo, zambiri aziwakonda.

Kusintha kugwiridwa ndi Peter Ine m'zaka za m'ma 18, mbisoweka ku zilembo makalata 10 ndipo panali latsopano 4 (E, E, Q, R), zizindikiro diacritical kuti msonkhano. Panali kalembedwe osiyana mawu ndi mawu, dongosolo kupangika Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa zilembo zazikulu.

Zikamera makalata ndi wosavuta yabwino ndi zomveka chinathandiza chitukuko cha Russian mabuku kulemba ndi maphunziro. Ntchito yapachiweniweni kalembedwe ka zilembo ntchito makina ntchito mabuku a khalidwe zakuthupi, zokhudza sayansi, zikalata boma, zopempha.

Mu pofuna kukwaniritsa chikoka yapachiweniweni kalembedwe ka amakhudza Latin kulemba dongosolo. Pofika m'ma 19, anapanga kalembedwe ka zomwe wosasintha ntchito ndi kusintha pang'ono kapena palibe nthawi yathu.

Kodi shorthand lero

Pali njira zosiyanasiyana kulemba liwiro, zochokera ntchito achidule timva machitidwe - acronyms, achidule, acronyms. Stenography, shorthand, semantografiya, zolemba - njira kulemba mkulu-liwiro, kulemba njira zosiyanasiyana kuti alembe nkhani pogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe ena chizindikiro, cholinga.

yomasulira kalembedwe ka

Pankhani funso translation, kuti ndi kalembedwe ka, ndi wina wa chachikulu Baibulo la oyenerera, makamaka m'kamwa zotsatizana.

Mosiyana shorthand, ndi makamaka mbiri ndafunsira kapena kuona kutenga, zochokera yafupika kulemba pansi ndi mfundo yaikulu, kalembedwe ka kumasulira zochita Ndipotu, ndi kukumbukira wothandiza kumatanthauza zochita za posungira Malemba popanda katundu kwambiri. Timatha inu kuchepetsa imfa za mfundo imene posamutsa wambirimbiri mauthenga mawu. Kalembedwe ka ntchito yomasulira, si wophweka fixation Malemba, ndi limodzi mwa kutanthauzira zotengera malingaliridwe kupeza ndi kusamutsa mauthenga ofunika zambiri.

ndizosowa njira

mfundo ndi njira imene chilengedwe kumasulira kalembedwe ka monga kusankha mawu ndi tanthauzo lalikulu, zina pa makina kujambula nkhani kupatulapo mavawelo pakati pa mawu, ndi zilembo awiri, kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro m'malo makalata kulemba mizati zamalankhulidwe.

Mayiko ndi dzuwa la zilembo ndi liwiro Kufufuza, momveka, luso kuganizira zomwe zili m'malemba pa siteji ya maganizo. Aliyense womasulira Mzimuyo kusankha otchulidwa okha okha, nthawi zambiri ntchito zizindikiro zawo si chinenero.

Pakali pano, ntchito dongosolo mkulu-liwiro kujambula pang'ono ndi pang'ono kutaya kufunika kwake chifukwa chitukuko cha sayansi. Komabe, anthu kuchita zinthu translation, podziwa kuti zimenezi shorthand, ndi matsimikizidwe a Luso awo.