Chisilavo zilembo. Chisilavo Chakale zilembo - phindu la makalata. zilembo za Chisilavo

Chisilavo Chakale cha Tchalitchi Zilembo - magulu zilembo mu dongosolo yeniyeni, kusonyeza phokoso yeniyeni. m'dongosolo lino ndi zokwanira kukhala paokha m'gawo la okhala anthu wakale Russian.

Mwachidule Chiyambi Chawo

Kumapeto kwa chaka 862, Prince Rostislav anatembenukira kwa Michael (Byzantine Mfumu) kutumiza ku ukulu wake (Great Moravia) Alaliki ndi cholinga kufalitsa Chikhristu mu chinenero Asilavo. Popeza kuti akhoza kuwerenga pamene Latin, amene anali achilendo ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa kwa anthu. Michael anatumiza Ahelene awiri - Constantine (Cyril dzina adzalandira kenaka 869 posankha monasticism) ndi Methodius (mchimwene). kusankha Izi sizinali mwangozi. Abale anachokera ku Solun (Thessaloníki mu Greek), mkulu wa banja. Onse analandira maphunziro abwino. Constantine anali ophunzitsidwa ku bwalo la Mfumu Michael III, lamulo wabwino wa zinenero zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo Arabic, Chihebri, Chigiriki Asilavo. Komanso, adaphunzitsa nzeru, amene anali kutchedwa - Constantine Wafilosofi. Methodius anali woyamba mwa asilikali, kenako n'kuthawa zaka zingapo imodzi mwa nkhalango imene Asilavo moyo. Zitatero, m'bale mkulu anapita ansembe a. Izo sizinali ulendo woyamba - kwa 860-m, abale ndawala ndi ntchito zamtendere ndi cholinga kwa Khazars.

Inasintha dongosolo la zizindikiro olembedwa?

Kulalikira m'chilankhulo cha Asilavo, kunali kofunika kuti kumasulira Malemba Opatulika. Koma kachitidwe ka zizindikiro olembedwa mu nthawi kulibe. Constantine okhudza chilengedwe cha alifabeti. Methodius mwachangu anamuthandiza. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mu 863 chaka TH wa oyambirira zilembo za Chisililiki (phindu la makalata a kudzapatsidwa pansipa) analengedwa. olembedwa zizindikiro dongosolo analipo m'njira ziwiri: Chigilagoliti ndi Chisililiki. Mpaka lero, asayansi kusagwirizana cha zomwe mungachite izi chakhadzikitsidwa ndi Cyril. Ndi nawo Methodius amasuliridwe ena a mabuku Greek mapemphero. Choncho Asilavo ndi mwayi kulemba ndi kuwerenga m'chinenero chawo. Komanso, anthu adalandira osati dongosolo la zizindikiro olembedwa. Chisilavo zilembo inakhala maziko a mawu mabuku. Ena mwa mawu ndipo tsopano angapezeke mu Ukraine, Russian, Chibugariya chilankhulo.

Zophiphiritsa choyamba - mawu oyamba

Makalata loyamba la Chisilavo Chakale cha Tchalitchi zilembo - "Azirikamu" ndi "Buki" - zidayika Ndipotu, dzinalo. Iwo zogwirizana ndi "A" ndi "B" ndipo anayamba dongosolo la zizindikiro. Komanso ankawoneka oyambirira zilembo za Chisililiki? Images anali woyamba zojambulajambula scrawled pa makoma. Zizindikiro choyamba anaonekera za m'ma 9, pa makoma a Mipingo ya Pereslavl. Ndipo cha m'ma 11 Chisilavo zilembo, kumasulira zizindikiro zina ndi kumasulira kwawo anaonekera mu Kiev, St. Sophia Cathedral. A wozungulira atsopano chitukuko kulemba zathandizira kuti zochitika zomwe zinachitika mu 1574, chaka. Ndiye panali loyamba kusindikizidwa "Chisilavo Chakale zilembo." Mlengi wake anali Ivan Fedorov.

nthawi kulankhulana ndi zochitika

Mukakumbukira, simungathe popanda chidwi n'chakuti zilembo za Chisilavo sinali chabe anatilamula ya zizindikiro olembedwa. zizindikiro dongosolo anatsegula anthu atsopano, kutsogolera ku njira ya ungwiro wa munthu pa dziko lapansi, ndi chikhulupiriro chatsopano. Akatswiri kuyang'ana pa dongosolo la zochitika, kusiyana zaka 125 zokha, akusonyeza kugwirizana ndi chilengedwe cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa zilembo Chikhristu olembedwa. Kwa pafupi zaka anthu akwanitsa kuthetsa akale chachikale chinkawavuta chikhalidwe ndi kutsatira chikhulupiriro chatsopano. azambiriyakale ambiri mosakayikira kuti zikamera a dongosolo latsopano kulemba mwachindunji ndi kukhazikitsidwa wotsatira ndi kufalikira kwa Chikhristu. zilembo Chisilavo, monga tanenera kale pamwambapa, analengedwa mu 863-mamita ndi 988-mamita Vladimir mwalamulo analengeza oyamba a chikhulupiriro chatsopano ndi chiwonongeko cha mwambo achikale.

dongosolo la zizindikiro chinsinsi

Akatswiri ambiri Kuphunzira mbiri ya kulemba, kuti afike pomvetsetsa kuti zilembo za Chisilavo zilembo ndi mtundu wa kulemba chinsinsi. Iye sanali kokha wopemphera komanso kudzimva aumunthu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Chisilavo makalata amapanga zovuta zomveka-masamu dongosolo. Poyerekeza anapezazo ndi ofufuza kunena kuti msonkhano woyamba wa khalidwe olembedwa analengedwa monga mtundu anatulukira kwathunthu, ndipo si monga eg, zomwe ndi mbali, ndi Kuwonjezera mitundu yatsopano. Chidwi zizindikiro, imene inali Chisilavo Zilembo. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi zilembo, manambala. Mu zilembo za Chisililiki ndi Greek uncial kulemba dongosolo. Zilembo Chisilavo Chakale cha Tchalitchi anali 43 makalata. otchulidwa 24 Anabwereka Greek uncial, 19 - anali watsopano. chakuti Chigiriki sanali ena phokoso lomwe panthawi kuti Asilavo. Choncho, lemba la chizindikiro sizinali chomwecho. Choncho, mbali ya zilembo latsopano, 19, wakhala anaitenga ku machitidwe ena kulemba, ndi ena - analengedwa mwachindunji Constantine.

"Zapamwamba" ndi "m'munsi" mbali ya

Ngati inu mukuyang'ana pa dongosolo lonse kulemba, zingakhale magawo awiri bwino zokwanira kuonetsetsa, kopambana osiyana Chrixitu. Conventionally, gawo loyamba wotchedwa "apamwamba" ndipo lachiwiri, motero, "m'munsi". Mu Gulu 1 zikuphatikizapo makalata A-F ( "DS" - "Pert"). Iwo ndiwo mndandanda wa mawu, zizindikiro. tanthauzo zinaonekeratu kuti Chisilavo iliyonse. "Wotsika" mbali ya chiyambi, "akuti sha" komanso limatha ndi "izhitsa". Izi otchulidwa alibe phindu M'ndandanda natengedwa apamtima zoipa palokha. Kuti timvetse cryptography, si kokwanira onani mwachidule ake. M'pofunika tanthauzo la zizindikiro - Ndipotu aliyense wa iwo anapatsidwa Constantine zamalankhulidwe pachimake. Kodi ukuimiliridwa ndi zizindikiro amene anali oyambirira Chisililiki zilembo?

Tanthauzo la zilembo

"Azirikamu", "mumamera", "patsogolo" - makalata amenewa atatu zinalembedwa pa chiyambi cha dongosolo zizindikiro. Kalata yoyamba anali "Azirikamu". Ine kudya mu mawonekedwe a puronauni "Ine". Koma tanthauzo lenileni la chizindikiro ichi ndi mawu monga "kuyamba", "kuyamba", "chiyambi". Zolemba angapezeke "Azirikamu" amatanthauza nambala "munthu", "Azirikamu Pitani ku Vladimir." Mwina ichi anali kutanthauziridwa monga chizindikiro cha "kuyambira zikande" (poyamba). kalatayi, tsono, Asilavo anasankha tanthauzo nthanthi ya kukhalako kwake kusonyeza kuti palibe mapeto wopanda chiyambi, mulibe kuwunika popanda mdima, palibe choipa popanda zabwino. Chamene anaikidwa pa dongosolo la dziko la duality. Komanso zilembo za Chisilavo zoona, analengedwa mu njira yomweyo, ndipo mbali 2, monga zanenedwa pamwambapa, "apamwamba" (zabwino) ndipo "m'munsi" (zoipa). "Azirikamu" unali wofanana ndi chiwerengero "1", zimene pamapeto, anaimira chiyambi cha zonse ndi wokongola. Kuphunzira manambala anthu ofufuza kuti anthu onse kale ogaŵikana ngakhale ndi wosamvetseka. M'menemo woyamba kugwirizana ndi chinachake zoipa, ndipo chachiwiri limaimira chinachake chabwino, lowala, positive.

"Buki"

kalatayi ankatsatira "Azirikamu". "Buki" anali ndi phindu lapadera. Komabe, tanthauzo nthanthi ya chizindikiro ichi kunalibe zochepa kwambiri. "Buki" - ndicho "", "chifuniro". Monga ulamuliro, icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu liwiro kuti zinachitika m'tsogolo. Mwachitsanzo, "Bodie" - ali "zilekeni", "tsogolo" - "adziwitse", "tsogolo". Izi mawu a wakale Asilavo anafotokoza zikukhalira za zinthu zodzachitika m'tsogolo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iwo ukhoza kukhala yoopsa ndi wachisoni, ndi duwa ndi wabwino. Sizikudziwika ndendende chifukwa kalata yachiwiri Konstantin mfundo digito sapatsidwa. Ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira kuti angakhale chifukwa ambiguity a m'kalata yokha.

"Kuwatsogolera"

chizindikiro ichi n'chothandiza kwambiri. "Kuwatsogolera" limafanana kuzilingalira 2. otchulidwa The chakudya, monga "mbuye", "kudziwa", "kudziwa". Kuika tanthauzo choterechi "patsogolo", Konstantin tacit chidziwitso - monga mphatso ya Mulungu wamkulu. Ndipo ngati inu kuwonjezera loyamba otchulidwa atatu, ndiye pamabwera akuti "Ine ndikudziwa." Constantine Izi anafuna kusonyeza kuti munthu amene atsegula zilembo, ndiye kudziwa. Kuyenera anati za zamalankhulidwe katundu "kutsogolera." "2" - awiri, awiri anatenga nawo miyambo yosiyanasiyana zamatsenga, ndi zambiri limasonyeza duality zonse padziko lapansi ndi kumwamba. "Awiri" amatanthauza Asilavo mgwirizano wa kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi. Komanso, chithunzi ichi limaimira duality wa munthuyo - pamaso pa chabwino ndi choipa mwa icho. Mu mawu ena, "2" - ndi nkhondo yosatha pakati pa zipani. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti "ziwiri" amawerengedwa chiwerengero cha mdierekezi - izo zimachitika katundu zoipa zambiri. Iye akhapidziwa kuti iye anali yemwe anatsegula mndandanda wa manambala zoipa, onyamula imfa ya munthu. M'nkhaniyi, kubadwa kwa ana amapasa Mwachitsanzo, ankaona zoipa, chotengera cha matenda ndi mavuto padziko banja. Unali tsoka kugwedezeka chopunthira awiri, kuwapukuta ndi chopukutira anthu awiri, ndipo ambiri kuchita chinachake palimodzi. Komabe, ngakhale ndi makhalidwe onse oipa a anthu "ziwiri" kuzindikira katundu zamatsenga. Ndipo miyambo ambiri ankapita ndi mapasa kapena zinthu zofanana ntchito galimoto kutali mizimu yoipa.

Zizindikiro ngati uthenga chinsinsi mbadwa

Onse Chisilavo makalata - zazikulu. Woyamba awiri Mabaibulo a zilembo - chapamwamba ndipo lowercase - kuyamba ndi Peter Wamkulu mu 1710, chaka. Ngati muyang'ana Chisilavo Chakale zilembo - phindu la kalata-mawu makamaka - n'zotheka kudziwa kuti Constantine sanali kulemba dongosolo, ndipo anayesera kusonyeza pyakufunika kwa mbadwa. Mwachitsanzo, akaika zizindikiro zina, ndipo mukhoza kupeza mawu akuti khalidwe didactic:

"Kuwatsogolera mneni" - anati chiphunzitso;

"Okhazikika Ouk" - kumalimbitsa lamulo;

"Rtsy Mawu Olimba" - akunena mawu a chowonadi, etc.

Order ndi kalembedwe chilemba

Akatswiri nawo maphunziro a zilembo poona dongosolo la choyamba, "Wammwambamwamba" gawo poyamba awiri. Choyamba, aliyense khalidwe anawonjezera kuti wotsatira mu mawu waphindu. Izi zikhoza ankaona dongosolo sanali mwachisawawa kuti mwina kupangidwa kwa kuloweza mosavuta ndipo mwamsanga zilembo. Komanso, dongosolo olembedwa zizindikiro tinganene kuti ku mawonedwe manambala. Pambuyo pa makalata onse ndi manambala zizigwirizana amene anakonza kuti akwera. Motero, "Azirikamu" - A - 1, - 2, ndiye r Mukhoza - 3, ndiye D - 4 ndipo anapitiriza kulankhula khumi. Makumi anayamba "K". Chipatso anali ofanana kuti mayunitsi 10, 20, kenako 30, etc. 100. Ngakhale kuti makalata zinalembedwa Chisilavo ndi moyo, ali yabwino ndi yosavuta. anthu onse ali mwangwiro yosayenera kulemba kalembedwe ka. Monga ulamuliro, anthu samakhala ndi mavuto makalata fano.

Kukula kwa zilembo System

Ngati Tikayerekeza Church Old ndi zilembo ano, mungathe kuona kuti 16 makalata anataya. Chisililiki ndi lero likukwaniritsa phokoso zikuchokera Russian mawu. Izi makamaka chifukwa si choncho lakuthwa divergence wa Kapangidwe ka Asilavo ndi zinenero Russian. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pokonza zilembo za Chisililiki Constantine anatenga amayang'anitsitsa phonemic (phokoso) mbali ya kulankhula. Zilembo Chisilavo Chakale cha Tchalitchi panafika anthu otchulidwa asanu Greek olembedwa, poyamba zosafunika kwa kufala kwa phokoso la chinenero Chisilavo Chakale: "Omega", "XI", "psi", "phi", "izhitsa". Enanso anali zilembo ziwiri kuomba zikutanthauza "ndi", ndi "Z" mu dongosolo: lachiwiri - "kwambiri" ndipo "dziko lapansi", pakuti loyamba - "ndi" ndi "ilk". ameneŵa chinali mwanjira zosafunika. Kulolerana makalata amenewa zilembo anali kuonetsetsa kuti katchulidwe yolondola ya kulankhula Greek zikumveka mawu anaitenga ku izo. Koma phokoso analankhula mu njira yakale Russian. Choncho kufunika ntchito zizindikiro zinalembedwa pamapeto pake inasowa. M'pofunikanso chinali kusintha ntchito ndi tanthauzo la zilembo "EP" ( "b") ndi "Eph" (s). Poyamba, iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito akutchula attenuated (yafupika) osamva za mawu: "b" - oyerekeza kuti "za", "s" - oyerekeza kuti "E". M'kupita kwa nthawi, ofooka opanda mavawelo anayamba kutha (ndondomeko iyi akutchedwa "kugwa wogontha"), ndipo zizindikiro izi amalandira ntchito zina.

Pomaliza

anzeru ambiri anaona kuti zilembo digito olembedwa pa mfundo triads, mwauzimu, imene imafikira munthu kufunafuna kwake choonadi, kuwala, ubwino. Kuphunzira zilembo ndi ndizosowa yake, akatswiri ambiri kutsimikizira kuti Constantine kumanzere kwa mbadwa chilengedwe chamtengo wapatali, chifukwa chololera kuwongolera, nzeru ndi chikondi, kuphunzitsa, kupewa mdima kudutsa udani, nsanje, njiru, zoipa.