Rutherford mapulaneti chitsanzo cha atomu Rutherford lachitsanzo

Kufufuza mu munda wa dongosolo atomiki anali mbali yofunika kwambiri chitukuko cha sayansi. zofunika kwambiri anali chitsanzo Rutherford. Atomu monga dongosolo la particles ndi zigawo zake afufuza kwambiri ndi mwatsatanetsatane. Izi zapangitsa kuti kukhazikitsidwa bwino sayansi monga sayansi ya nyukiliya.

Mfundo wakale za kapangidwe ka nkhani

The kopanda kuti matupi ozungulira ndi lopangidwa ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono kuti anapangidwa akale. Anzeru ndiye atomu ankayimiridwa ngati zing'onozing'ono particles indivisible wa chinthu chilichonse. Iwo ankanena kuti palibe m'chilengedwe chonse ang'onoang'ono kukula kuposa atomu. Zimenezi ikuchitikira ndi asayansi aakulu Greek ndi afilosofi - Democritus, Lucretius, Epicurus. Malingaliro anzeru awa lero ogwirizana mu dzina la "yakale yoyendera atomism."

zoimira akale

Kale zapita, ndi Zapakati komanso anali asayansi amene anasonyeza maganizo osiyana ndi kapangidwe ka nkhani. Komabe, predominance maganizo achipembedzo komanso cha nzeru za mphamvu mpingo mu nthawi ya mbiri Mphukira kuyesa kubisa ndi zolinga za malingaliro a munthu anapezazo chuma sayansi ndi kutulukira. Monga amadziwika, ndi akale kusaka oipa kwambiri zinthu ndi akuluakulu a dziko sayansi nthawi. Mpaka kuti m'masiku amenewo anali maganizo yowala anachokera lingaliro wakale wa indivisibility wa maatomu.

Studies zaka 18-19

m'ma 18 zinali zodzaza ndi kupezedwa yaikulu m'munda wa dongosolo maziko a zinthu. Makamaka chifukwa cha khama la asayansi monga Antuan Lavuaze, Mikhail Lomonosov ndi Dzhon Dalton. Mosadalira mzake, adakhoza kutsimikizira kuti maatomu zilipodi. Koma funso dongosolo awo mkati limakhalabe lotsegula. Mapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18 zinali zodzaza ndi ngati chochitika kwambiri dziko sayansi, monga atulukira D. I. Mendeleevym nthawi tebulo la zinthu mankhwala. Iwo analidi mphamvu zogonjetsa kuti nthawi kuchotsa chophimba pa kuzindikira kuti maatomu zonse nacho chikhalidwe chomwecho, kuti zokhudzana ndi mzake. Patapita zaka 19, chinthu china chofunikira kwa akuchepa kapangidwe ka atomu anali umboni kuti zikuchokera aliyense wa iwo alipo elekitironi. The ntchito asayansi nthawi imeneyi opangidwa ndi nthaka yachonde kwa atulukira zana la 20.

Zimene Thomson

British sayansi Dzhon Tomson mu 1897 anasonyeza kuti kapangidwe ka atomu zikuphatikizapo ma elekitironi ndi mlandu negative. Pa nthawi imeneyi, chikhulupiriro chabodza kuti atomu - divisibility kuchepetsa chinthu chilichonse Pamapeto pake anawononga. Kodi Thomson anatha kutsimikizira kuli elekitironi chiyani? Scientist anaika zatsopano ake kwambiri rarefied mpweya maelekitirodi ndi magetsi inawadutsa wadutsa. Chifukwa ndi cheza cathode. Thomson ankaphunzira makhalidwe awo ndipo anaona kuti ndi mtsinje wa particles adawalamulira kuti kuyenda pa liwiro lalikulu. Scientific amalowerera kuwerengera Unyinji wa particles awa ndi chiweruzo chawo. Iye anapeza kuti sangathe n'kukhala particles ndale, monga woyang'anira magetsi - ndi maziko a chikhalidwe chawo. Kotero anali ndi ma elekitironi ndi lotseguka. Thomson ndi mlengi wa choyamba atomiki dongosolo chitsanzo cha dziko. Malinga ndi izo, atomu - nthinthi ndithu mlandu kanthu, omwe amafalitsidwa ma elekitironi uniformly zoipa mlandu. Ikufotokoza angamulambirire maatomu ndale, monga milandu zosiyana kuletsa mzake kunja. Zatsopano Dzhona Tomsona anakhala kufunika kwambiri pa kuwerenga kwa kapangidwe ka maatomu. Komabe, mafunso ambiri sanayankhidwe.

kafukufuku Rutherford

Thomson anapeza kuli elekitironi, koma iye sanathe kupeza mu maatomu ndithu mlandu particles. Ernest Rutherford kudzudzulidwa khalidwe limeneli mu 1911. Pa zatsopano kuphunzira ntchito za alpha-tinthu mipweya, izo anapeza kuti pali tinthu atomu, ndi zabwino mlandu. Rutherford azindikira kuti kudutsa mtengo kudzera mpweya kapena kudzera mbale woonda zitsulo ndi kupatuka zakuthwa wamng'ono kuchuluka kwa particles panjira kuyenda. Iwo basi kuponyera mmbuyo. Wasayansi anazindikira kuti khalidwe ndi chifukwa zipolowe ndi particles ndithu mlandu. Zimene amenewa kungatithandize sayansi chitsanzo kapangidwe ka atomu Rutherford.

mapulaneti lachitsanzo

Tsopano maphunziro yosiyana ndi mfundo yotentha ndi John Thomson. zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za zitsulo ndi ma atomu awo. zinachitikira Rutherford zinamuthandiza kuti alenge chiphunzitso chatsopano kwathunthu mu munda. Apeza wasayansi anali kwambiri pa chitukuko zina za sayansi. Rutherford chitsanzo limafotokoza atomu monga phata oyenerera pa malowa zokwawa padziko ma elekitironi. Phata ali ndi mlandu zabwino ndi ma elekitironi - negative. Model atomu Rutherford ankaganiza ma elekitironi likuzungulira pachimake pa trajectories ena - m'mipita. Kutsegula wasayansi anathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chimene kupatuka ndi tinthu Alpha ndipo anali kutsogolera kwa chitukuko cha chiphunzitso nyukiliya wa maatomu. Mu Rutherford chitsanzo atomiki kufanizira ndi lamulo la dziko lapansili dzuŵa dzuwa. Ndi zolondola kwambiri ndi kufanizitsa omveka. Choncho Rutherford chitsanzo atomu chimene chimatichititsa pamodzi kanjira padziko phata la, dzina lake m'mapulaneti.

Ntchito ya Niels Bohr

Patapita zaka ziwiri, ndi Chidanishi sayansi Niels Bohr anayesera kuphatikiza malingaliro a kapangidwe ka atomu ndi katundu kwadzidzidzi kuwala. Rutherford chitsanzo nyukiliya wa maatomu anaikidwa asayansi maziko a chiphunzitso chake chatsopano. Mu Bohr kopanda maatomu zokhudza pachimake m'njira zozungulira. Chotero kuyenda njira yodutsamo kumachititsa mathamangitsidwe wa ma elekitironi. Komanso, mogwirizana Coulomb wa particles awa ndi malo atomu limodzi ndi chilengedwe zolowa ndi mphamvu kusunga okhudza malo mu atomu munda akuwuka kwa chisonyezo cha ma elekitironi. Zikatero, particles zoipa mlandu ayenera kugwera mu phata la. Koma izi zimachokeradi, kusonyeza kuti bata wamkulu wa maatomu monga machitidwe. Niels Bohr anazindikira kuti malamulo yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe chakale, anafotokozedwa ndi maikwezhoni Maxwell sachita ntchito zinthu subatomic. Choncho, asayansi anapereka kubweretsa malamulo lina limene akugwira particles pulayimale mu dziko.

postulates Bohr a

Makamaka chifukwa chakuti panali chitsanzo cha Rutherford, atomu ndi mbali zake komanso kuphunzira, Niels Bohr anatha kufikako chilengedwe cha postulates ake. Woyamba wa limati izi kuti atomu ali ndi vuto n'kupuma imene susintha mphamvu zake ndi ma elekitironi Choncho kusuntha m'njira popanda kusintha njira yodutsamo ake. Malinga ndi zopanda chachiwiri, tinganene kuti ndi elekitironi ku kanjira wina ndi mzake amapezeka kudzipatula kapena mphamvu mayamwidwe. Ndi wofanana ndi kusiyana mphamvu pakati pa yapitayi ndipo zikuwayendera bwino madera a maatomu. Pankhaniyi, ngati elekitironi kudumpha kwa pafupi ndi maziko a kanjira, izo panamveka mphamvu (photons), ndipo mosemphanitsa. Ngakhale kuti kayendedwe ka ma elekitironi nkomwe akufanana yozungulira njira yodutsamo oyenerera mosamalitsa circumferential kutsegula Bohr nkotheka kupeza malongosoledwe kwambiri chifukwa kuli mzere sipekitiramu wa atomu wa hydrogen. Pa nthawi yomweyo, asayansi hedzi ndi Frank, amene ankakhala mu Germany, anatsimikizira wasayansi Niels Bohr za kuli n'kupuma limati mkhola, mwa atomu ndi kuthekera kusintha mfundo mphamvu atomiki.

Cooperation pakati pa asayansi awiri

Mwa njira, Rutherford kwa nthawi yaitali sanathe kudziwa kuyang'anira phata la. Asayansi Marsden ndi Geiger anayesetsa kuchita zonena mtanda macheke wa Ernest Rutherford, ndi chifukwa cha zinthu zatsopano kusamala ndi zambiri ndi kuwerengetsera kuti afike pomvetsetsa kuti ndi maziko a khalidwe lalikulu la atomu, ndipo chimakhudza mlandu wake onse. Kenako anatsimikizira kuti mlandu nyukiliya numerically wofanana ndi mtengo wa nambala ordinal wa amafotokozera mu tebulo nthawi D. I. Mendeleeva. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Niels Bohr posachedwa anakumana ndi Rutherford ndi kwathunthu anagwirizana ndi maganizo ake. Kenako, asayansi yaitali ankagwira ntchito choyezera chomwecho. chitsanzo Rutherford la atomu monga dongosolo ongokhala pulayimale mlandu particles - onse Niels Bohr ankaona chilungamo ndi onse nabvula chitsanzo awo amagetsi. ntchito olowa kafukufuku wa asayansi akhala bwino ndipo wabala zipatso. Aliyense wa iwo Inabuka kuphunzira kwa katundu wa particles pulayimale ndipo apeza zinthu kwambiri sayansi. Kenako Rutherford anatulukira ndipo anasonyeza kuti n'zotheka kuwonjezera pachimake, koma kuti ndi mutu nkhani ina.