Podkopaev, MI Zokhudza zonse bungwe Voice Features

MI Podkopaev

Voronezh State Academy of Tirhana

Ka bungwe Voice Features

(Podkopaev, MI System gulu la amapilira ntchito // Mafunso amapilira Education: Malangizo kwa aphunzitsi apamwamba ndi sekondale wapadera sukulu Moscow - St. Petersburg, 2003. - S. 80 - 88).

Imodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu ndi zodabwitsa chikhalidwe anapatsa mwamuna ndi mawu omveka, makamaka apadera mawonekedwe ake - kuimba kapena kulankhula amapilira (mawu amenewa agwiritsidwa ntchito pamene akuimba chodabwitsa imatengedwa pamaso pa Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa kapena zowulutsira).

Amadziwika kuti mawu ntchito, kupanga phokoso chigawo chimodzi cha zinthu amapilira, alibe yeniyeni anatomical machitidwe limba, amene m'njira okhwima angatchedwe ziwalo phonation. Ntchito imeneyi munthu amagwiritsa kupuma, Pomeza, ie, Akuluakulu poyamba anafuna oyamba zofunika kwambiri mu mtengo zamoyo kugwira ntchito; phonation amatumikira ngati mwangozi. Kuphatikiza matupi awa kwa nthawi yaitali wotchedwa zida amapilira. Yotsiriza imba si chida cha ntchito yake akatswiri komanso chinthu mwachindunji pedagogical chikoka mu ndondomeko ya maphunziro amapilira. Today ochepa atagwirizana nkhani yolembedwa kuti chidziwitso cha mfundo zakuya ntchito za zida ntchito mawu, ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zofunika ntchito bwino pa chilengedwe chake. A.Varlamov adakali ake "Sukulu ya Kuyimba" (1840) analemba kuti: "Kuti kufika pa kuphunzitsa kuimba osati mosalingalira, muyenera kuchiyika icho pa pozindikira kupuma ndi limagwirira amapilira ndi kujambula malamulo yaikulu ya Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa akadali matupi."

Kawirikawiri, anatomical ndi thupi ziphunzitso za zida amapilira, oimba, ophunzira kuwalandira monga mbali ya mkombero pedagogical a amalanga zofunika - njira ya njira amapilira. Mu pulogalamu nthawi yochepa ndinapatsidwa, ophunzira ayenera kulandira ndi kuphunzira zambiri za umboni kwa thunthu, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, zowulutsira ndi kudziwa kapangidwe ndi dongosolo la ntchito zida ntchito mawu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, khalidwe la chidziwitso cha izi mogwirizana ndi zolinga za mapangidwe ndi ophunzirako wodziŵa, makamaka ngati imba zikugwirizana ntchito yake ndi pedagogy. Malinga ndi mwambo, kuphunzira gawo ili la maphunziro wamangidwa pa kaonedwe chakale (limba) Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, kudalira njira structural ndi mawunikidwe. Ndi malo ake thupi lamunthu kale kale ankaona ngati chopereka cha matupi osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ubongo ndi humoral (mahomoni) lamulo. Mabuku alionse pa thunthu, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, etc. anamanga mfundo ya limba, ndi zigawo pa machitidwe munthu anatomical - ndicho, mtima, kupuma, akulu, endocrine, etc. Zotsatirazi kufanana ili, kuyambira nthawi M.Garsia amapilira zida amati zigwirizana wa zigawo izi: "jenereta" mukuganiza - laryngeal chikhomo-kumbuyo (resonator) wa - a pharynx, ndi m'mphuno ndi m'njira za m'mphuno paranasal, "mphamvu" chipangizo - ndi trachea, bronchi, mapapo , kupuma minofu, articulation ziwalo - pakamwa. lilime, mano, milomo, zovuta ndi m'kamwa zofewa. Pankhaniyi limati "ziwalo ndi ntchito za bungwe ndi inakula ndi motsatira dongosolo chapakati mantha" (tamutchula. Dmitriev LB, Telelyaeva LM, SL, etc. Taptapova phoniatrics ndi fonopediya .. - M., 1990 P.20) .. Koma chimene chimagwirizanitsa matupi mulibe phonational kulunjika ndi wachokera ku machitidwe osiyana anatomical, Integrated mu bungwe, kodi njira ya kucheza ndi kuonetsetsa umphumphu wa kugwira ntchito zida ntchito mawu? Organic ndi structural njira mayankho a mafunso amenewa sakutero. M'nkhaniyi, kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi kuphunzira mawu (amapilira) ntchito yochepa ndipo penapake zosamveka chifukwa zokhudzana Pankhaniyi zochepa mapangidwe ophunzira kupereka bungwe coherent ya zida ntchito mawu.

Njira wachibadidwe zatsopano kumvetsetsa ntchito thupi la postulated zokhudza zonse njira, monga zaposachedwapa, ambiri ndipo ntchito mu njira ya sayansi. The Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa la kumasukulu a mwadongosolo potengera chiphunzitso cha machitidwe zinchito (pa TPS) anayamba kuphunzira IP Pavlova - Academician PK Anokhin ndipo analandira chitukuko masiku ano ntchito kale wophunzira wake - Academician KV Sudakova.

Monga kuyesera pedagogical mu dipatimenti amapilira wa Voronezh State Academy of Tirhana ndi woyambitsa wa ntchito imeneyi anali Pofuna kukhazikitsa mfundo za TPS monga maziko methodological wophunzitsa njira amapilira ndi njira dongosolo. Cholinga chachikulu mu ntchito imeneyi anali kuphunzitsa wophunzira maganizo a kulenga, chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimene ziri zokhudza zonse.

Mu pepala ili ife asagwiritse tokha kwa kumufotokozera mawu ambiri zinachitikira kutsatira chakudya yaikulu ya dongosolo TPS kuphunzira mfundo za bungwe la mawu (amapilira) Ntchito munthu.

M'malo chakale Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ziwalo, kutsatira mfundo za thunthu), TPS akulengeza zokhudza zonse bungwe ntchito. PKAnohin choyamba anafotokoza mfundo yakuti machitidwe a zinthu zamoyo, osati kukonza zinthu payekha ali iwo, ndi kuphatikiza iwo kuti alandire zotsatira konkire ntchito, ndicho kugwira ntchito zina zofunika. Choncho, madongosolo otero amatchedwa zinchito. Malinga Anokhin, dongosolo mu Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa a akonzedwa a matupi kugwirizana ntchito yeniyeni. Choncho, chifukwa cha ntchito yokonza dongosolo Chili mbali munthu mu lonse motero akutsogolera msana china. Ndi kukwaniritsa chifukwa ena anawonjezera machitidwe zinchito (FS).

ntchito mawu, monga ntchito ena onse a anthu, maziko bungwe zokhudza zonse. Udindo woyambirira wa kutanthauzira kwa gulu zokhudza zonse ntchito mawu ife ntchito mfundo zoyambirira za TPS. Kukhala ofanana kwa onse dongosolo file za thupi, iwo zikusonyeza kuti FS phonation ndi mawu amapilira. Ambiri, zili mfundo zofunika TPS kumachepetsa yotsatira. Organization onse FS chamoyo lili ndi mtundu womwewo wa dongosolo, amene Ndi mmene kwa FS phonation. Kapangidwe Izi zikuphatikizapo ndi mfundo chapakati ndi zigawo zotumphukira ndi makonzedwe:

Y chifukwa cha ntchito monga kutsogolera FS kugwirizana ( "khadi" wake) - chinachake chimene analenga FS;

Y gulu limodzi-kulandira katundu (magawo) kwa zotsatira zake za polojekiti - zolandilira zotsatira;

Y maganizo njira kuti zimafalitsa nkhani dongosolo chapakati mantha chifukwa cha mchitidwewo ndi magawo a chotsatirachi, chomwe chimathandiza thupi lonse kuti aone mlingo wa bwino ndi khalidwe zake;

Y chapakati kugwirizana FS, kulola kugwira ntchito yolongosoka ndipo umaimira kucheza ndi mfundo za magulu a chapakati mantha dongosolo;

Y FS njira wamkulu.

Zotsatira koyamba ntchito ngati chinthu chomwe FS phonation ndi mawu kumveka ndi mapangidwe mawu njira ya chizindikiro lamayimbidwe, amene akutumikira monga maziko kale kuchitila mapeto - payekha kuimba kamvekedwe phonemes adayimba mawu, mawu. Monga prefinite, ndi ntchito zotsatira FS ndi chiwerengero cha zosintha palokha, ie, ndi mnogoparametrichnymi. Ena mwa iwo kumapitiriza zokhudza kapangidwe ka mawu lamayimbidwe (lamayimbidwe magawo) - kutalika, mphamvu kawalidwe zikuchokera (kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa mkulu ndi / kapena otsika kuimba formant, etc.). magawo ena fotokozerani za phonemic dongosolo phokoso - artikulyayurnye (kapena kinesthetic) magawo. Popeza umakhudza magawo lamayimbidwe, yotsirizira kulola kusiyanitsa ndi kufotokoza malo ndi njira ya maphunziro phokoso, mwachitsanzo kudziwa makhalidwe a katchulidwe ka mavawelo ndi zilembo.

Nkofunika kudziwa kuti chifukwa cha magawo zimasiyana yekha pakati pa mawu mawu ndi kuimba, komanso mu Mitundu yosiyanasiyana amapilira - maphunziro kuimba, soda nyimbo, wowerengeka nyimbo, etc. magawo onse anatsimikiza mtima chifukwa cha zochita zako thupi ndi biophysical kuti kuonetsetsa kupambana kwake, akuti: 1) phonation, amene amathandiza m'badwo mawu ndi lolingana akuphatikizapo lamayimbidwe, ndi 2) articulation, kupereka phokoso kulankhula maphunziro ndi kumasulira Kapangidwe ka phokoso phonemic. Choncho bungwe ndi awiri zinchito subsystems - FS FS phonation ndi articulation.

Choncho pali kusankha yolimbikitsa ziwalo zosiyanasiyana ndipo zimakhala, amene ali a magulu osiyanasiyana anatomical mu FS yoyenera. Kulolerana ziwalo zosiyanasiyana, omwe onse pamodzi amatchedwa zida amapilira, ndi FS amapilira zachokera pa mfundo za kusankha kaphatikizidwe ziwalo zosiyanasiyana FS. Pankhaniyi, thupi lomwelo mwina ndine FS angapo, kuwonjezera, zosiyanasiyana PS kapena PS subsystem chimodzi (monga mmene mawu FS) kukwaniritsa zomwe zakambidwa angagwiritse ntchito akuluakulu osiyana kapena chomwecho. Pa nkhani imeneyi, chiwalo chirichonse cha zida ntchito mawu kumatanthauza zambiri ntchito kugwirizana ndi phonation, ndi lingaliro limeneli ndi multifunctional. Malinga ndi malangizo amene FS kapena subsystem zikuphatikizapo chiwalo cha zida ntchito mawu, kuti izo ndi zofunika osiyana, koma kufunika kupeza okha katundu amene izo kumaonekera ndi mu FS lapansi.

Mmene lino, ndi thupi lomwelo osiyana FS kulankhula amapilira amapeza katundu wapadera zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, trachea ndi bronchi aphatikizidwa FS ndi zvukogeneratsii ntchito zina, poyerekeza ndi trachea chomwecho ndi bronchi m'gulu la FS phonational kupuma. Kapena amapilira makutu chosiyana amasonyeza katundu zinchito, anaphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, mu dongosolo file wa articulation, kumene iwo asonyeze fonemoobrazuyuschaya ntchito, kapena FS zvukogeneratsii, kumene amatumikira monga gwero la mphamvu lamayimbidwe. Mofananamo, minofu kupuma ndi mbali ya FS osiyana kugwirizana ndi phonation, ndicho FS phonational mpweya iwo amagwira ntchito pneumatic ndi FS articulation zimagwirira nawo hyphenation.

FS phonation kusankha zikuphatikizapo ubongo ndi milingo m'thupi lamulo. Recent akufotokoza wapadera "dongosolo", kusankha ongokhala chithokomiro endocrine, gonads ndi zopangitsa adrenal. Mantha limagwirira anapereka kusankha likhale malo osiyanasiyana mitsempha.

Aliyense amafotokozera ndi kusankha m'gulu la FS phonation. zimavuta ndi zinthu zina za dongosolo mwachangu amathandiza kuti akwaniritse chifukwa komaliza FS ake. Chotero zinthu mogwirizana FS mu TFS dzina lake vzaimosodeystviya (PKAnohin). Vzaimosodeystviya zigawo operekedwa ndi kukhalapo nutrisistemnyh msinga ndi lokha imalongosola vzaimosodeystviya njira dongosolo lamulo.

dongosolo lililonse file, kuphatikizapo dongosolo file a mawu, ndi dongosolo kudziletsa malamulo. Self-lamulo mu FS ndi anaonetsetsa ndi unit azingochita, Iganizireni chifukwa komaliza. Mu zida izi ndizo zotsatira za poona magawo a zotumphukira molekezera mitsempha - zolandilira, zabweretsa ku zida ntchito mawu, ndipo distantly kwa iye. Ndiyotengera mudziwe zimene zinachitika mwana'yo chizindikiro cholandilira akulowa malo mitsempha yoyenera (kotekisi, dongosolo limbic kupereka maganizo zikuluzikulu za kulankhula ndi kuimba, madera a medulla oblongata). Kuchokera pa zimene timaphunzira ndi kusankha mu chinkhoswe FS a mawu ndi kulankhula amapilira dongosolo la magulu a chapakati mantha dongosolo lolimbikitsa ziwalo wamkulu ndi machitidwe (Chisoni zida). Ndi chikhalidwe cha zimene timaphunzira mu dongosolo chapakati mantha ya maselo thirakiti amapilira kusiyanitsa mitundu asanu tilinazo: Makutu, vibratory (kukhala, monga momwe V.P.Morozovym, resonant authunthu), minofu, pneumatic (mpweya amayambitsidwa njira kumveka, ndipo ntchito ya minofu kupuma), masomphenya. Mu ndalama, iwo anapatsa Aisiraeli enieni zomverera kuimba ndi zonena za ntchito zochitika mkati mwathu za zida ntchito mawu, kapena ngati iwo amati, aumbike mwa malingaliro a amapilira ndi thupi chiwembu woimba wa - payekha mkati zomverera dongosolo kuti kumachitika pamene akuimba phonation. Mothandizidwa ndi imba mphindi iliyonse ya ulamuliro wa mapangidwe ake ali bwinobwino. Kodi chimodzimodzi ndili R.Yusson. "Mtundu uliwonse wa njira amapilira amapanga yeniyeni amapilira-corporeal dera, pamaso pa womwe limakhazikitsa sayansi" (3. p. 109).

Choncho, dongosolo cholinga ndi makina mawu (otchedwa "amapilira chowunikira" woimba) imagwira ntchito supervisory ndi zolimbana. Pankhaniyi, FS phonation ndi mawu amapilira akutsogolera mayankho njira; ali, monga anaonetsa V.P.Morozova, kuimba nyimbo luso kumveka ndi akututuma njira limene likutengera mudziwe encrypted za ntchito za resonators amapilira ndi wochepetsetsa amadwala masking zotsatira makhalidwe Link (lamayimbidwe zinthu ntchito, etc.).

Riziki zofunika za TFS kukhala yothandiza kwa pedagogy kumveka ndi funso za kukhalapo kwa unit FS kulamulira. Apa ndi ofunika kwambiri pa lotsatira. The FS phonation chake dipatimenti chapakati - ubongo ali corticosubcortical zovuta nyumba mitsempha woimira kuneneratu makina ( "kutsogolo mawerengeredwe") ndi kuwunika zotsatira za zimatheka. Limeneli liyenera ( "acceptor cha zotsatira zake" ndi Anokhin), "mwachidwi" zimatha chomaliza zotsatira za, ndiyo kuthekera ndi mphamvu ya kusankha pulogalamu umalimbana kukwaniritsa ndi Mapeto, ndipo akutumiza khalidwe la munthu kudzera poyerekeza okhazikika kulowa chapakati mantha dongosolo la njira zambiri ndemanga za magawo zotsatira za zimatheka. Iwo amalenga ngati "m'chifanizo" cha chandamale, lomwe woimba kugwirizana ndi resonators pazipita ntchito ndi mayankho njira kuwalitsa ntchito iyi - kugwedera (resonator) zomverera (Morozov, 2002, 2008). A mbali yaikulu mu mapangidwe ndi zida za moyang'ana m'tsogolo ndiponso kufufuza chifukwa komaliza ali osiyanasiyana muyezo phokoso vocalist kuimba mogwirizana amapilira-pedagogical wa mphunzitsi ndi wophunzira. Komanso chofunika kwambiri ali patsogolo chipangizo moyang'ana m'tsogolo bwino aumbike mwa kuphunzira luso amapilira mphunzitsi wapakamwa malangizo umalimbana n'kupanga resonant kuimba njira komanso pamaso pa zolinga ofotokozedwa a woimba pa katswiri ndi resonant kuimba njira operekedwa ndi luso panopa nyimbo.

chidwi kwambiri kuphunzira architectonic FS kulankhula amapilira linaperekedwa kwa asilikali wamkulu wa mawu, woimira ya okamba ndi ndondomeko zokhudza thupi, umalimbana kukwaniritsa zotsatira mtheradi FS ndi kuonetsetsa zofunikira makhalidwe akatswiri kuimba mawu lolingana magawo a maphunziro amapilira muyezo. Chofunika kwambiri kuphunzira actuators ndiwo maphunziro lofunika R.Yussona, Fanta, Sundberg. L.B.Dmitrieva. A malo apadera dera limeneli mwa sayansi ake ndi ongolankhula ndi tanthauzo othandiza ntchito anaphedwa ndi asayansi zoweta - aphunzitsi ndi V.N.Sorokinym V.P.Morozovym amene malingaliro ophatikizidwa mu iwo anayamba ziphunzitso - chiphunzitso cha mawu (V.N.Sorokin, 1985) ndi resonant kuimba chiphunzitso cha luso (The .P.Morozov, 2002, 2008). Last yochita m'pofunika amapilira-pedagogical chizolowezi ndi yofunika kwambiri. Kumveka bwino chiphunzitso cha kuyimba pamodzi ndi chiphunzitso cha machitidwe zinchito kusintha maganizo za chikhalidwe cha actuators ndi ntchito za zida ntchito mawu.

The actuators waukulu kupereka mawu amapilira, ndi phonation ndi articulation amene Amawapatsa FS ziwalo. Choncho, kachitidwe monga mu kapangidwe kake yemweyo zotumphukira zigawo wamkulu, koma ndi magulu a lamulo lapadera. Biophysical maziko a zonse za actuators a dongosolo ndi mawu-kumveka limagwirira. ayankhe kuti ndi mlatho pakati phonation ndi articulation ndi maziko zvukogeneratsii, ndi mwa kusintha modes ntchito ndi resonators lamayimbidwe ali njira nyimbo kulamulira maganizo lamulo m'kaundula m'phuno ndi njira ofanana tembroobrazovaniya. Izi ndi anaonetsetsa ndi kukhalapo mu kumveka bwino njira FS phonation mwapadera maganizo pakati pa resonators ndi magwero a Phokoso lamayimbidwe ndi wokamba (resonant) chikhalidwe.

ndemanga iyi lamayimbidwe limakupatsani kutembenukira zimagwirira zoteteza ya m'phuno (ntchito zoteteza wa resonators Morozov), komanso ntchito za bungweli, kumachepetsa nkhawa kwambiri minofu laryngeal (nchito imeneyi resonators akhoza limanenedwa ngati mthandizi ntchito ya English thandizo -. Thandizeni, thandizo).

Chinthu chapadera cha zida amapilira monga dongosolo la bungwe liri pamaso pa kulumikizana patsogolo ndipo m'mbuyo pakati pa zigawo zikuluzikulu wamkulu wa dongosolo (kholingo mphako, mpweya) multimodal chikhalidwe (lamayimbidwe, pneumatic, neuro-reflex) (Morozov. 2002, 2008). Pamaso pa kulumikizana patsogolo ndipo m'mbuyo onse vertically (pakati pa kasamalidwe chapakati ndi kulamulira ndi wamkulu zigawo) ndi horizontally (pakati pa mamembala a dongosolo zochokera zinthu mfundo vzaimosodeystviya ofesi wamkulu - ya m'phuno, kupuma resonator) amasankha ntchito za FS a mawu ndi kulankhula amapilira monga zovuta integrative dongosolo. Uliwonse, kuphatikizapo amadza pedagogical umakaphatikizana wonse ndi yaikulu iliyonse ziwalo yomweyo amasonyezedwa ena. (Morozov, 2002, 2008)

Pomaliza

1. ntchito mawu ndi yogwirizana kulankhula amapilira (kuimba), komanso zinthu zina zonse munthu, ali ndi ka bungwe ndi zotsatira za ntchito ya apadera dongosolo zinchito phonation, umene ndi ozungulira, bungwe kudziletsa malamulo, kusankha kaphatikizidwe ziwalo zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa lamulo mantha ndi humoral kukwaniritsa zotsatira chikutha - mapangidwe amapilira kulankhula phokoso chigawo chimodzi - mawu, mawu amapilira ngati mayunitsi phonetic mitundu ation mulingo woyenera ntchitoyo kuimba phonation, magawo zogwirizana wa amapilira muyezo maphunziro (kapena Mitundu ina amapilira) ndi kupereka akatswiri khalidwe kuimba mawu.

2. FS amapilira tingaone ndi paokha koma zogwirizana subsystems, amene yantchito Magawo ofunikira a Yolamula njira effector wa kulankhula amapilira - yobereka "chinthu" cha phokoso - magwero mpweya wa Phokoso lamayimbidwe, zvukogeneratsii, articulation. Ndi njira dongosolo, ndi refracted kuwala mchiphunzitso resonant kuimba amakhala gulu lolakwika la kholingo kwa "jenereta" system (dipatimenti) ya zida ntchito mawu. Yotsirizira Makamaka lonse resonator thirakiti amapilira thirakiti m'phuno ndi yekhayo wa mphamvu lamayimbidwe chifukwa mpweya otaya kusinthasintha mawu akututuma makutu amapilira.

3. chipangizo Voice - ziri chabe item FS kuti amagwira ntchito monga wamkulu (effector) unit wa dongosolo.

4. Mfundo chilengedwe cha FS wa thupi, komanso kudziwa za angamulambirire ndi katundu ali ngati "chinsinsi" chifukwa pomanga FS a mawu ndi kulankhula amapilira, architectonic kukhuta izi FS ndi subsystems ake zili zogwirizana.

5. Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za chiphunzitso cha machitidwe zinchito mu kuphunzira Pantchito za amapilira ntchito mu njira njira, monga zochitika zasonyeza, kumalimbikitsa chitukuko cha ophunzira machitidwe maganizo ndi ma aligorivimu achindunji yomanga ntchito ubongo, komanso chikhalidwe chachikulu mapangidwe malingaliro amakono za ntchito ya mapeto a mawu ndi kulankhula amapilira monga zimagwirira ntchito Integrated lonse.

mabuku

1. Phoniatrics ndi fonopediya / Dmitriev LB, LM Telelyaeva, Taptapova SL, Ermakova II - M., Medicine, 1990.
2. Morozov VP Ndinu resonant kuimba. Chikhazikitso cha chiphunzitso kumveka ndi njira. - Moscow, 2002 (2 tira -. M., 2008).
3. VN Sorokin Chiphunzitso cha ulimi kulankhula. - Moscow, 1985.
4. Yusson R. kuimba mawu. - Moscow, 1974.