Pa Kampeni Choyamba, zotsatira. Cholinga cha Nkhondo za Mtanda loyamba

The Kampeni Choyamba zaka 1096-1099 kenako anayamba mu njira yatsopano mfundo yachilendo ya limati Western. Chimene zikamera wa totere gulu zikuluzikulu? Kodi zochitika zinachitika pa zaka za Kampeni Choyamba? Awa ndi mafunso ena ambiri mudzapeza mayankho m'nkhani ino.

Europe kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XI

M'zaka za Kampeni Choyamba, mudzaphunzira mtsogolo, zasintha ambiri. Koma chimene chapangitsa mkangano ntchito imeneyi otchuka, amene angafanane kukula kokha kwa Great Ataliatali? Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane.

Mbiri ya Kampeni Choyamba kumayambira zaka zisanu zapitazi a m'zaka khumi. Ngakhale yatha ndi adani a Yerusalemu 1099, koma zotsatira kwa zaka zambiri.

Pajatu, unayamba. Patapita kanthawi, tikambirana payokha zolinga za Knights, ndi Byzantines ndi vuto la Asilamu kum'mawa nthawi imeneyi. Pakalipano, ndi kulankhula za zinthu ku Ulaya.

Patapita zaka zambiri amakakamizidwa zachikunja Hungarians ndi Scandinavians mu maiko European anapanga stratum wa asilikali akatswiri. Mtendere utakhala anali sanakonde. Iwo okha anafuna kumenyana, wokondwa kupita mercenaries lapansi. Koma bwana anali ochepa kwambiri. Maganizo amenewa anali mu strata m'munsi mwa anthu.

Olemekezeka anapanga monga a Kampeni Choyamba. Table makampeni kawirikawiri anaphunzira mbiri kalasi. Nditawerenga nkhani imeneyi mudzakhala mosavuta kutsogoleredwa pa nkhani zimenezi.

Choncho, chapamwamba zolinga zawo. Mafumu anatsogolera amanyansidwa motsutsa Saracens ku Spain ndipo Africa North, kudziwa anayesa nawo looting, koma osati nthawi zonse.

Choncho, Choyamba Kampeni Mwachidule, anakhala kubwereketsa pamene anathawa aukali maganizo kwambiri kwa khwimbi la anthu a Western Europe.
Tiyeni tsopano tikambirane za zolinga za gulu lililonse.

zolinga Ulaya

Kumapeto kwa zaka khumi anali ovuta nthawi kwa Ulaya. Monga tanena, m'zaka yapita, anapanga stratum wamphamvu wa asilikali akatswiri kuti palibe wina sankadziwa mmene ndipo sanafune kuchita.
Noble Ankhondo ndi wamba phazi asilikali, opemphapempha ndi ansembe, amalonda ndi anthu wamba - zonse gulu Choyamba Kampeni. Table kuyamba kuyenda awo kum'mawa kawirikawiri anafunsa nyumba ya sukulu. Inu mukhoza kuchita izo mosavuta, modalira Nkhaniyi.

Motero, ophunzira za Nkhondo za Mtanda poyamba anali ndi sakanikira chikhalidwe kulemera. iwo anapita mwamsanga kuthandiza abale Akhristu? Kumene ayi. Iwo anali otanganidwa kwambiri ndi chokhudza mkati, kulimbirana ulamuliro ambirimbiri m'mayiko ndi maukulu.

Change njira kunachitika mu magawo awiri. Mu 1074 Papa anaitanitsa anthu a ku Ulaya kuthandiza mfumu Byzantine. Koma palibe thandizo asilikali anali satsata. Only anayamba gulu chachikulu wa amwendamnjira mu Middle East.

Koma posakhalitsa panali mphekesera za kupondereza amwendamnjira Mkhristu ndi Asilamu. Unachititsa funde la mkwiyo, koma activism akadali palibe. Kachitsotso wotsiriza unali pamtima Papa watsopano, Urban II, amene salinso analankhula za chithandizo abale, koma chodzikonda gulu lonse ntchitoyi: "Pakuti amene ali osauka pano, adzakhala mfumu m'dziko la lonjezo."

Zapakati pa 1096 pa 1099 gg. - pa Kampeni Choyamba. Kalasi 6 kusukulu kuphunzira ngati mbali ya mbiri ya Ages Middle. Tiyeni tipitirize kunena za zinthu mu East pa nthawi ino.

amajambulapo maluwa okongola Byzantine

Ufumu wa Byzantine anali chidwi kwambiri udindo pa misonkhano choyamba. Mpaka 1091 kunali ndale ndi za chuma dziko.

boma ali matenda mbali zitatu. Kuchokera kumpoto anaopseza Pechenegs, kutsogozedwa ndi Kumwera Chiyukireniya steppes. Kuchokera kum'mwera, kuthamanga kunja Seljuk Turkey, amene akuzunzidwa kulephera zingapo asilikali a mfumu. Mu Marmara Nyanja zombo chogwidwa ndi achifwamba Turkey.

Inali pa nthawi imeneyi chinkhoswe Aleksey Komnin zamtendere makalata ndi olamulira a mayiko European Western. Akukamba za mavuto a ufumu, ndi amuthandize. Pa nthawi, zinadziwika kwambiri ndi kutenga mawonekedwe a Orthodox ndi Mpingo wa Katolika. Mfundo imeneyi wokongola kwambiri Papa, ndipo anali mmodzi mwa zinthu zimene zinapangitsa chiyambi cha kofuna Kampeni.

Koma pofika chaka cha 1092 zinthu mu Ufumu wa Byzantine ali bwino kwambiri. Pechenegs anagonjetsa mgwirizano ndi Asilavo. Turkey ndi nkhawa kwambiri infighting ndi kusiya kusokoneza malire a boma Mkhristu. The ufumu polowera nthawi ya bata ndi pang'onopang'ono kuchira.

Koma kumadzulo kwa icho ndipo ife sanadziwe chifukwa cholinga cha Nkhondo za Mtanda choyamba, azungu mwapadera kwa amajambulapo maluwa okongola Byzantine. Kenako anakhala pansi kuswana kwa mikangano mu zokambirana za mfumu ndi Akhristu.

Zimene zikuchitika ku dziko Muslim

Pa Nkhondo za Mtanda loyamba ndi gawo la dziko la chisilamu anali amagwidwa ndi ndewu boma. Pafupifupi yomweyo, mu otsiriza khumi khumi ndi atumwi, Seljuk olamulira kufa, Abbasids ndi Fatimids. Mu Middle East akuyamba nkhondo yapachiweniweni pakati Shiites ndi Sunnis mphamvu.

Shi'ite Fatimid boma, yomwe inali pa dera la Egypt ano, ankaganiza kuti mudzapeze chithandizo pa nkhope ya Akhristu. Aleksey Komnin, mfumu Byzantine, komanso analangiza Ankhondo European kunena mgwirizano ndi nkhondo pa Seljuk Sunni.

Ndipotu, kum'mwera kwa Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Armenia linali gawo mu manja a anthu a ku Turkey. Kodi tsopano ndi Syria ndi Lebanon, nambala ya palokha mzinda-limati. Koma Egypt ndi kum'mwera kwa Palestine anali mu manja a Fatimids.

Kuti magulu mkati chinalepheretsa Asilamu kuti apereke mphamvu ogwirizana polimbana ndi Akhristu. Pa nkhani imeneyi, magulu omenyanawa anali ofanana, monga ku Ulaya, nayenso, kodi simukuvomereza.

feuds awa anali pa dzanja yekha mfumu ya Byzantium, amene anali wokhoza, ngakhale mochenjera, koma kuti ayambenso ena a dziko anataya.

Akhristu mu Middle East

Ophunzira za Kampeni Choyamba ankakhulupirira kuti sali okha kuti tipambane "manda a Ambuye", komanso kuteteza Akhristu anzake ku Saracens wachikunja. Makamaka mfundo imeneyi likuonekera bwino kanema "Ufumu wa Kumwamba".

Koma ansembe a Chikatolika ku Ulaya anali kulakwitsa mu njira zambiri. Ndipotu zimene zikuchitika ku Middle East chinali chomveka zosiyana.

M'mayiko Muslim Akristu ndi Ayuda anali kuponderezedwa osowa, monga Korani amaletsa amakakamizidwa kutembenuka kwa "zoona" chikhulupiriro Malemba. Amangoika ankaona zolakwika. Choncho, Chisilamu mizinda ya kum'mawa Mediterranean si aslam ai kulipira msonkho kwa boma ndi onse.

Kuponderezedwa linayamba "disinterested" thandizo la anthu fraternal. Pamene Turkey ndi Aluya anaona kuti azungu kuchita, anayamba kutulutsa Akhristu kuchokera m'mizinda, kuopera kuti adzakuthandizani okhulupirira anzathu mkati.

Choncho, cholinga cha Nkhondo za Mtanda woyamba kudzudzulidwa zikuchepa pambuyo kumenya asilikali European pa dziko lolonjezedwalo. Iwo anaona ndi maso awo maganizo mtendere am'deralo, komanso chuma, chuma ndi kukhalapo kwa dziko munthu. Kenako, Akhristu kwenikweni motsogozedwa yekha chifukwa cha dyera.

Events wamba kampeni

Ophunzira za misonkhano poyamba anali anthu kuchokera kumabungwe ambiri osiyanasiyana a anthu. Choncho, m'nkhani tikambirana mfundo kayendedwe atatu a misa, amene amatchedwa pantchito yake yoyamba mu mbiri.

Mu miyezi yochepa chabe pamaso Papa Urban II mwalamulo anapezerapo pa Kampeni Choyamba, ambiri m'mayiko European popped chachikulu "khamu la opemphapempha." Iye anawatsogolera ndi Peter ndi kudzipatula, mmonke ku Amiens. Anayatsa anthu lingaliro la chuma ndi satiety mu Länder latsopano.

Chaka chiyambi cha Kampeni Choyamba ku Ulaya chinachitikira ndi woyamba yokolola wolemera patapita zaka za chilala. Koma zambiri za anaona anzake osauka monga mwa mabanja onse mu njira m'chaka oyambirira. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti "Abale ndi alongo" kuthandiza iwo ndi chakudya. Mwambo umenewu kodi alipo, koma kwa apaulendo ochepa.

Apa panali khamu njala yokhala ndi amuna, akazi, ana ndi okalamba. Kenako anamukwiyitsa ndipo anayamba abe m'midzi, amene kupeza njira. Iwo rebuffed m'deralo mphamvu bungwe. Opemphapempha ophunzira Nkhondo za Mtanda woyamba kupangidwa zambiri mwa anthu, monga iwo alibe zida, mphamvu ndi luso nkhondo kumenyana.

Movutikira chisokonezo ichi anafika Constantinople, pakutayika anthu zikwi khumi ndi zisanu, kotala kuchuluka pachiyambi. Mu likulu, iwo amene ankachitika nkhanza kuti anakankha mfumu Byzantine awatumize iwo ku Asia Minor.

Pali asilikali wamba anakomana ndi mfuti asilikali Seljuks.

Chifukwa cha Kampeni Choyamba chinali chokhumudwitsa umphawi. Akatswiri ofufuza amanena nthawi imeneyo, zikwi khumi anyamata ndi atsikana anagulitsidwa ku ukapolo. Zoposa zikwi makumi asanu anthu achikulire, ana ndi anthu wazaka zapakati agwa ndi matenda ndi sabers ankhondo zonse.

Kungoona magwero kwa mzinda Byzantine wachikristu okha mwa anthu zana kuchokera sikisite zikwi.

Kampeni German

Potsatira magalimoto m'maiko German ndipo French, bungwe ndi Knight chabwino, dzina Gauthier wopemphapempha.

Zolinga kudakali asilikali khumi chophunzitsidwa pa kuguba, chabe wapadera. Mokwanira kutsatira maganizo ndi maganizo a anthuŵa Loona za nthawi.

Papa Urban II anaitana manja poteteza Chikristu ndi zipembedzo zina, komanso kumvanso Manda Opatulika. Koma izi Ankhondo adalimkumva kokha woyamba gawo la pamtima. The Germany anaganiza kuti sitiyenera kupita ku mapeto ena a dziko, chifukwa apa iwo ali bwino ndipo amafunika kuteteza chikhulupiriro.

Choncho, zikwi khumi ndi mfuti Germany ndi French anangopita pa "kusaka", chinkhoswe mu pogroms. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti amalimbikitsidwa kumpoto, mu zosiyana kwathunthu kuchokera kumbali ya Yerusalemu.

Ngakhale kuti Mpingo wa Katolika ndipo anayesera kuti akaweruze khalidwe, koma miyezo zoonekeratu ali Sadadzipangire. Ayuda anayesa kuti akonzekeretse asilikali okha kapena ndi asilikali ganyu kuti atiteteze. Koma sizinathandize. Zaka zingapo anapita pa kutembenuka amakakamizidwa mwa osakhulupirira kwa Chikhristu. Amene ankakana, akhadikhira imfa pafupi.

Choncho, chifukwa cha Kampeni Choyamba kwa Ayuda European anakhala zoopsa. Koma zimenezi Ankhondo kunandithandiza chidani cha Ayuda ndi Asilamu kuti iwo. Ochokera Ayuda m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ayamba nkhosa zikwi ndalama za golidi kuthandiza a Muslim a ku Africa ndi ku Middle East, zomwe anapirira Akhristu.

Olemekezeka mu Kampeni Choyamba

Bwino kwambiri mu zaka za Kampeni Choyamba anafika asilikali motsogozedwa amazikonda anthu otchuka. Ngakhale iwo sanali amapanga gulu limodzi, koma iwo anali nako wa ophunzitsidwa bwino asilikali, cuirassiers, crossbowmen ndi apakavalo.

Mosiyana ndi asilikali wamba njakata, iwo akhoza kubweza zonse asilikali Turkey ndi Arab.

Olemekezeka atapereka mayunitsi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana chuma chawo, pang'onopang'ono merging mu wodzaza ngolo Mipikisano zikwi. Choncho, malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana, Constantinople anachokera makumi asanu ndi asilikali zikwi zana limodzi.

Koma gululi linayamba pambuyo chiwonongeko cha wamba asilikali ndi pogroms Ayuda ku Europe. anthu lodziwika sanafune kutaya kukolola. Mu njira, mosiyana ndi umphawi, iwo anapita ndi chakudya, zida ndi zinthu zina zofunika. Lililonse limakhala anali wodziimira kumenyana unit.

Zoyambitsa wa Kampeni Choyamba njonda izi zinali zoonekeratu. "Lackland amakhala mwini wake wa antchito ndi chuma chochuluka mu Yerusalemu wakumwamba."

zochitika zonse zimene zinachitika Middle East mu 1096 kuti 1099, zikhoza kugawidwa m'mbali zingapo. Border pakati pawo kwambiri ozungulira mzindawo, imene ophunzira anachita nawo Kampeni Choyamba.

Table zinthu zimenezi kawirikawiri muzikhala kunyumba mu mbiri yakale mu kalasi lachisanu ndi chimodzi. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane, kuthandiza ophunzira.

Njira ya zochitika mu zaka 1096-1099

Ndipotu, anayamba nkhondo zomenyera pokhapokha makamu ku Constantinople. Kumeneko, olemekezeka European Anapempha thandizo la Mfumu Byzantine. Kuwombola, anamulonjeza kuti kusamutsa iye m'madera onse azikhala, zomwe kamodzi a Ufumu wa Byzantium.

Mayeso oyamba a mphamvu wakhala temberero la Kuzinga mzinda Turkey wa Nicaea. Linayamba 1097. Sturm zinalephereka chifukwa Crusader asilikali anali sangathe kupitiriza nagonjetsa pambuyo kugonjetsa yakumeneko Turkey. Obloga inatenga miyezi ingapo.

The Byzantine mfumu Alexius Comnenus moyenerera amaganiziridwa atsogoleri a chivalrous asilikali a akufuna akuphwanya pangano. Choncho, pa nthawi yobvuta, pamene zinaonekeratu kuti mzinda adzaphedwa ikudzayo, anatumiza nzika za osayanjanitsika awo. Last negotiated agonje kwa mzinda ndi makamu Byzantine, pofuna kupewa looting Akhristu.

Ndipo kotero izo zinachitika. Monyinyirika Ankhondo anali kusunga lumbiro ndi kupitiriza. Chinthu chotsatira chinali Antiokeya. mzinda, amene anali theka wopita ku Yerusalemu.

Mzindawu unazingidwa kwa October 1097 pa June 1098. Bohemond wa Taranto, Norman mfumu ya kum'mwera kwa Italy, anakwanitsa chiphuphu mkulu wa mzinda umene wagonjetsedwa. Iye analonjeza kuti Chikoka makwerero pa wina gawo la pakhoma ndi thandizo mu adani a mpanda wolimba.

Chifukwa cha msonkhano uno makamu European Bohemond adamfunsa pambuyo adani a Antiokeya pochitika mu cholowa chake. Mwina kutsimikizira ena Ankhondo a kunapezeka, zokha pa nkhani ya pangozi kugonjetsedwa kuganizira kwambiri. Pa njira ya ambirimbiri anali ndi Turkey asilikali Kerbogha.

Pambuyo pa adani a mpanda wolimba mumzindawo kuphedwa pafupifupi onse okhala. A masiku angapo pambuyo adani a Antiokeya ndi Akhristu, zinali kamodzinso wazingidwa. Anabwera asilikali Turkey. Kuzinga analekerera ndi azungu zovuta, popeza silichita kwambiri.

Bohemond anaganiza zopatsa nkhondo lotseguka ku Turkey. Koma pamaso kuti mochenjera (Ofufuza ambiri) Anaukitsa makhalidwe a asilikali. Mmawa wina, anauzidwa za masomphenya, chimene chinachitika kwa osauka a. Malinga ndi iye, mwa mpanda wa Antiokeya, pafupi mmodzi wa mipingo, izo anaikidwa mkondo ndi kupha Khristu. Inde, anakumba.

Army, "kutsogozedwa ndi dzanja la Ambuye," mbakunda asilikali Kerbogha.
Siteji yotsatira Yerusalemu. Iwo anakwanitsa adani yekha pa mtengo wa anthu ambirimbiri. Ine ndinali kudzaza chemba kuzungulira mzindawo kuti nsanja zomenyerapo nkhondo anadza kwa mpanda. Pambuyo pa adani a mzinda, malinga ndi mbiri, ndi anayamba kuphedwa, ndipo pambuyo cholanda pa. Malinga ndi mbiri, mu Yerusalemu nzika zoposa makumi zikwi anaphedwa mu masiku pang'ono.

Choncho, chifukwa cha Kampeni Choyamba chinali osokoneza ndi kuwagawa mbiri ya Middle East ndi Europe kwa nthawi "pamaso pake" "pambuyo."

Zotsatira za msonkhano

Tchulani akhale zotsatirazi zotsatira za Kampeni Choyamba.
Choyamba, ndi nthawi yokhayo pamene iwo anali kwathunthu wakwanitsa kukhazikitsa zofunika poyamba.

Kachiwiri, atakhala bwino chikhalidwe kum'maŵa, kupeza chuma, dziko, atumiki ambiri a asilikali sanafune kubwerera kwawo. Anakhazikika ndipo pang'onopang'ono anatenga pa chikhalidwe cha anthu akuderalo.

Koma mwambo waukulu zinachitika pa zaka za Kampeni Choyamba, anali maziko a limati anayi watsopano. Iwo anabalalitsidwa onse pa Levant (malo amene m'gulu kum'mwera kwa Turkey ano ndi Middle East), olamulidwa ndi ambuye osiyana inatenga za zana.

Choncho, woyamba unakhazikitsidwa County wa Edessa. Kwenikweni, dzina wakhala dzina lake likulu. Idamangidwa ndi Baldwin la Boulogne, mmodzi mwa abale atatu - Lorraine Knights. Iwo ndi wosiyana asilikali Crusader kumbuyo mu 1098, pa njira ku Antiokeya, ndipo anapita kummawa. Pali iye anapambana m'deralo ndi analenga boma zawo zinatha pafupifupi theka la zana.

Mu chaka chomwecho ndipo anapanga ukulu wa Antiokeya. tate wake ndipo anakhala wolamulira wa Boemund Tarentsky, zomwe ife tamutchula uja. State inatenga zaka zana ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri.

Pambuyo pa adani a Yerusalemu 1099, iwo unalengedwa ufumu wa Yerusalemu. Iye anakhala wolamulira woyamba wa Gotfrid Bulonsky, m'bale Baldwin, n'kukakhala ku Edessa. Mu malo a mfumu komanso anali akuluakulu anayi. The ufumu zinatha mpaka Kampeni Chachitatu, koma anagwa mu 1291, pambuyo adani a ekala.

boma chachinayi Crusader anakhazikitsidwa mu 1105 ndi Chiwerengero cha Toulouse. Raymond IV wa, wolamulira wake woyamba, wotchedwa County wa Tripoli. Zinatha mpaka 1289.

Choncho, m'nkhani ino ife kuphunzira za prerequisites, zolinga ndi zochitika za Kampeni Woyamba, ndiponso analankhula za zotsatira zake.