Anthu a Europe: history, makhalidwe, miyambo, miyambo, chikhalidwe, chilankhulo, chipembedzo njira ya moyo

Anthu a Europe - ndi chimodzi mwa chidwi kwambiri ndi pa yemweyo zovuta mitu nthawi mu mbiriyakale ndi chikhalidwe. Kumvetsetsa kwa chitukuko, njira ya moyo, miyambo ndi chikhalidwe bwino zimene zikuchitika panopa kuti zikuchitika mu gawo ili la dziko zosiyanasiyana za moyo.

makhalidwe General

Pakuti zosiyanasiyana onse a anthu okhala ku Ulaya, tikhoza kunena kuti, mfundo, onsewo akhala njira wamba chitukuko. Ambiri limati anapanga pa madera a ufumu wakale wa Roma, zimene zinaphatikizapo yaikulu m'dera, kuchokera m'mayiko German kumadzulo kwa malo Gallic kum'mawa, kuchokera kumpoto kwa Britain kwa Africa North kum'mwera. N'chifukwa chake tinganene kuti onse m'mayiko amenewa, ngakhale dissimilarity Komabe, kupangidwa mu malo wamba chikhalidwe.

Njira ya chitukuko oyambirira Ages Middle

Anthu a ku Ulaya ngati fuko anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe chifukwa cha kusamuka lalikulu la mafuko kusesa Africa mu zaka IV-V. Ndiye, chifukwa cha utuluke misa kusamuka zinachitika kusintha kwakukulu kwa zinthu zokhudza kuti anakhalapo kwa zaka mu nthawi ya mbiri yakale ndipo ikani latsopano madera yosiyanasiyana. Komanso, mapangidwe gulu dziko ndi mukopedwe mafuko Germany, amene anayambitsa mayiko a zakale Roma, otchedwa woipitsitsawu mkhalidwe wawo. Mu chimango awo ndi mayiko olemera a ku Ulaya za mtundu limene kulibe panopa. Komabe, ndondomeko lomaliza la mapangidwe dziko zinachitika mu nthawi ya okhwima Ages Middle.

Komanso limati kungomanga

Mu XII-XIII zaka m'mayiko ambiri m'dzikoli, ndondomeko mapangidwe chikumbumtima dziko. Iyo inali nthawi imene zinthu zayambitsa okhala limati anayamba kuzindikira ndi malo okha monga makamaka m'dera dziko. Poyamba, zimenezi unaonekera mu chinenero. mitundu European chinayamba dziko zinenero zolembalemba, omwe anatsimikiza kuti iwo ali ina fuko. Mu England, mwachitsanzo, ndondomeko anayamba m'banda: kale m'zaka za m'ma XII, wolemba wotchuka D. Chaucer analemba wotchuka wake "Canterbury nkhani," amene anaika maziko a chinenero dziko English.

XV-XVI m'ma m'mbiri ya Ulaya

Pamene chaka Ages Middle ndi oyambirira masiku ano unachita molimba mapangidwe limati. Iyo inali nthawi imene mafumu anali kulamulira, chiphunzitso cha amazilamulira waukulu, kupanga njira ya chitukuko zachuma, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - anapanga limatchula za chifanizo chikhalidwe. Chifukwa zinthu izi, miyambo ya anthu a ku Ulaya ndi yosiyanasiyana. Iwo anatsimikiza zochitika zonse za chitukuko m'mbuyomu. Mu malo oyamba zimatikhudza motani chinthu Hrs, komanso mbali ya Dongosolo la mtundu limati, zomwe potsiriza inkayenda mu nthawi ya pansi obwereza.

nthawi yatsopano

XVII-XVIII m'ma - ndi mavuto zinawachitikira mayiko Western European kuti apita panthawi zovuta mbiri yake chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chilengedwe umoyo-zandale, ndi chikhalidwe. Tikhoza kunena kuti m'nthawi imeneyi, miyambo ya anthu a Ulaya mayeso a mphamvu si nthawi kokha, komanso kusintha. M'nthawi imeneyi, mayiko anali kumenyana kwa hegemony pa kulalikira, ndi mosiyanasiyana bwino. m'ma XVI zinali zodzaza ndi ulamuliro wa Austria ndi Spanish banja lolamulira la Habsburg, m'zaka lotsatira - pansi pa utsogoleri bwino France, anathandizidwa ndi mfundo za kukhazikitsidwa pano pa absolutism. XVIII m'ma Agwedeza malo ake makamaka chifukwa cha ulimi, nkhondo ndi ndale.

Chiwerengero cha mitundu ya chikoka

Zotsatirazi zaka ziwiri sankawabisira kusintha kwambiri pa zinthu geopolitical kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti ena a mayiko akutsogola njira ya colonialism. Anthu okhala ku Europe ayamba malo atsopano dera lawo, makamaka North America, American South ndi kumayiko a kum'mawa. Izi zinakhudza kwambiri nkhope chikhalidwe limati European. Choyamba zonse zikukhudza United Kingdom, amene analenga ufumu atsamunda kuti anaphimba pafupifupi theka la dziko. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti ndi Chingerezi ndi mayiko British anayamba kulimbikitsa chitukuko European.

Chinanso kwambiri zimaonekera mapu geopolitical m'dzikoli - nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse. Anthu okhala ku Ulaya, pa latsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa chifukwa zinawonongekera kuti zinapangitsa kuti nkhondoyo. Kumene, zonse izi zakhudza choona kuti mukopedwe limati West European pa chiyambi cha ndondomeko ya kudalirana komanso chilengedwe cha matupi lonse kuthetsa mkangano.

zikuchitika

Culture anthu a ku Ulaya lero makamaka anatsimikiza ndi ndondomeko erasing mayiko ena. Computerization la anthu, chitukuko mofulumira Intaneti, komanso kusamuka utuluke yaikulu angabweretse mavuto kufufuta dziko adzadziwire makhalidwe. Choncho, zaka khumi zoyambirira za m'ma izi zinali zodzaza ndi chigamulo cha ntchito yokonza miyambo chikhalidwe adzadziwire mafuko ndi mayiko. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kufutukuka padziko lonse pali chizolowezi kusunga chizindikiro mtundu wa mayiko.

chikhalidwe

Moyo wa anthu a ku Ulaya anatsimikiza ndi mbiri yawo, maganizo ndi chipembedzo. Ndi mitundu yonse ya njira fano chikhalidwe cha dziko, mukhoza kusankha limodzi mzere ambiri chitukuko m'mayiko awa: ndi mphamvu, zothandiza, njira mtima zimene zimachitika panthawi zosiyanasiyana, sayansi, luso, ndale, zachuma ndi anthu onse. Ndi otsiriza khalidwe Mbali anasonyeza wotchuka nzeru zapamwamba Oswald Spengler.

Mbiri ya anthu a ku Ulaya amakhala ndi kuzindikira oyambirira mu chikhalidwe cha zinthu zakuthupi. Izi chimatanthauza chitukuko mofulumira kupenta, zosemasema, zomangamanga ndi mabuku. Chikhumbo rationalism anali chibadidwe anzeru Ulaya otchuka ndi asayansi, ndi zomwe zinachititsa kuti mtengo mofulumira kukula patsogolo sayansi. Ambiri, chitukuko cha chikhalidwe Chile kumatanthauza malowedwe oyambirira a chidziwitso yolembedwa ndi rationality.

moyo wauzimu

Zipembedzo anthu a ku Ulaya akhoza kuwasiyanitsa mu magulu awiri akuluakulu: Chikatolika, Chiprotestanti Orthodoxy. Woyamba ndi imodzi mwa ambiri, osati pa Africa komanso dziko lonse lapansi. Poyamba, iye anali lalikulu m'mayiko Western ku Ulaya, koma patatha Katolika, komwe kunachitika m'zaka XVI, Chiprotestanti anauka. Yotsirizira ali nthambi zingapo: Calvin, Lutheran, Puritanism, ndi Anglican Church ndi ena. Kenako, ofotokoza zina commonality a mtundu chatsekedwa. Chikristu chinafalikira ku Eastern Europe. Iwo anaitenga ku oyandikana Ufumu wa Byzantium komwe atagonjetsa mu Russia.

zilankhulo

Zilankhulo za anthu a ku Ulaya zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu lalikulu: Romance, Germany ndi Asilavo. Woyamba limabweretsa France, Spain, Italy ndi ena. peculiarity awo ndi kuti tinalengedwa ndi mitundu ya kum'mawa. Mu Middle Ages gawo anali litalanda Aluya ndi Turkey, zomwe ndithudi bwanji kungomanga mbali kulankhula. zilankhulo izi kusintha, sonority ndi melodiousness. Osati kanthu kwalembedwa mu Italy, masewero a ambiri, ndipo ambiri, ndi chimodzi cha nyimbo kwambiri mu dziko. zilankhulo zimenezi ndi zosavuta zokwanira kumvetsa ndi phunziro; Komabe, malamulo ndiponso katchulidwe ku French angayambitse mavuto ena.

Gulu German zikuphatikizapo zinenero a kumpoto Scandinavia. Mawu amenewa ndi osiyana kuuma matchulidwe ndi limaonetseratu phokoso. Amakhala ovuta kwambiri kuwerenga ndi kuphunzira. Mwachitsanzo, Chijeremani ndi chimodzi cha zovuta kwambiri mwa zilankhulo za ku Ulaya. Scandinavia nawonso yodziwika ndi kuchulukitsa kwa kapangidwe ka ziganizo ndi galamala ndi kovuta.

Asilavo gulu ndi kovuta kwa mbuye. Chirasha amadziwikanso chimodzi cha chovuta kwambiri kuphunzira. Komabe, maganizo a anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti muli kwambiri kapangidwe kake lexical ndi mawu zamalankhulidwe. Akukhulupirira kuti ali njira zonse zofunikira ndi chinenero kulankhula akutembenukira popereka maganizo zofunika. Chitsanzo n'chakuti zinali zinenero European panthawi zosiyanasiyana ndi zaka ankaona dziko. Mwachitsanzo, poyamba zinali Latin ndi Greek, chimene chinali chifukwa chakuti ku Ulaya Western, monga tatchulazi, anapanga pa madera a ufumu wakale wa Roma, kumene iwo anali onse otchuka. Kenako analandira ambiri Spanish chifukwa chakuti m'zaka XVI, Spain anakhala ŵa atsamunda mphamvu, ndi chinenero chake yafalikira kuti mayiko ena, makamaka America South. Komanso, chifukwa chakuti Austria ndi Spanish banja lolamulira la Habsburg anali atsogoleri kumtunda.

Koma ndiye udindo waukulu wotanganidwa France, amene bwino pa njira ya colonialism. Choncho, chinenero French yafalikira kuti mayiko ena, makamaka North America ndi Africa North. Koma kale m'zaka za m'ma XIX, Ufumu wa Britain anakhala wamphamvu atsamunda boma, lomwe anatsimikiza udindo waukulu Chingerezi padziko lonse, amene amasunga wathu. Komanso, chinenero zosavuta kuti ntchito ndiponso amavutika kulankhula, matabwa ake kalembedwe si zovuta, mwachitsanzo, French, ndipo mogwirizana ndi intaneti M'zaka zaposachedwapa, chitukuko mofulumira English wosalira kwambiri ndi pafupifupi chitachitika. Mwachitsanzo, mawu ambiri English mu phokoso Russian anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito m'dziko lathu.

Maganizo ndi chikumbumtima

Makamaka anthu a ku Ulaya kuzioneka pa nkhani ya poyerekezera ndi anthu ambiri a East. kusanthula izi zinachitikadi ngakhale khumi chachiwiri cha chikhalidwe odziwika O. Spengler. Iye anati kwa anthu onse European amakhala ndi udindo yogwira moyo, ndi zomwe zinachititsa kuti chitukuko mofulumira zaka osiyana zomangamanga luso, makampani. Ndi chochitika yamasika mtima, mu maganizo ake, chifukwa chakuti iwo ndi kudya kwambiri pa njira ya chitukuko m'mbuyo, anayamba mwakhama kufufuza m'mayiko ena, kusintha kupanga ndi zina zotero. Njira zothandiza wakhala chitsimikizo kuti anthu amenewa yapindula wamkulu wamakono wa moyo osati chuma komanso chikhalidwe kapena ndale.

Mtima ndi kutsitsimuka kwa Ulaya, malinga ndi wasayansi yemwe kwa zaka zokha osati kuphunzira ndi kumvetsa chikhalidwe ndi zenizeni owazungulira, komanso pa ntchito yogwira zotsatira za zipambano izi kuchita. Choncho, azungu ganizo wakhala umalimbana osati pa kupeza chidziwitso mu maonekedwe ake angwiro, komanso kukhala kuzigwiritsira ntchito mu kusintha kwa chikhalidwe zosowa zawo ndi kusintha kwa zinthu moyo. Kumene, njira pamwamba pa chitukuko anali lililonse kwa zigawo zina za dziko, koma ndi kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, zikuoneka kwambiri kwathunthu ndi expressiveness. Akatswiri ena amanena izi chikumbumtima malonda ndi pafupifupi anatsogolera mtima wa azungu ndi peculiarities wa zinthu dera okhala awo. Inde, ambiri a ku Ulaya ndi wamfupi, choncho patsogolo anthu okhala Europe, anapita ndi njira tima chitukuko, T. E. Chifukwa okha zachilengedwe ayamba kukhala ndi kutsatira njira zamakono zosiyanasiyana kusintha kupanga.

Mbali khalidwe la maiko

Zikhalidwe za anthu a ku Ulaya ndi zimasonyeza kumvetsa maganizo awo ndi chikumbumtima. Amaonetsa awo makhalidwe moyo ndi zofunika kwambiri. Mwatsoka, nthawi zambiri mu misa chikumbumtima anapanga fano la mtundu pa makhalidwe mwangwiro kunja. Choncho superimposed zolemba pa dziko ina. Mwachitsanzo, England kawirikawiri kwambiri kugwirizana ndi stiffness, yapadera yothandiza ndi dzuwa. The French ndi zambiri amaona anthu mokondwera yolembedwa ndi lotseguka, anaika kulankhulana. Italy kapena Mwachitsanzo, Spain amaoneka ngati maganizo kwambiri mtundu ndi makhalidwe achiwawa.

Komabe, anthu okhala Europe, ndi chuma chambiri ndi zovuta mbiri, omwe anasiya umboni kwambiri pa moyo wa miyambo yawo ndi moyo. Mwachitsanzo, chakuti British ankaona homebody (choncho akuti "nyumba yanga - malo anga"), ndithudi, ali kwambiri mizu zakale. Pamene dziko aukali internecine nkhondo, zikuoneka, ndi kupanga lingaliro la linga kapena kulinga kwa mbuye ndi kutetezedwa. The English Mwachitsanzo, pali mwambo wina chidwi amenenso kunayamba Ages Middle: m'kati chisankho aphungu anapambana ofuna kugula monga kulimbana kubwerera ku malo ake, ndiwo mtundu wa Buku nthawi imene panali owawa aphungu kulimbana. Komanso, mpaka anasunga mwambo kukhala pa thumba ndi ubweya, chifukwa makampani nsalu anapereka kutsogolera kukula mofulumira bizinesi m'zaka XVI.

The French akadali anasunga miyambo ya kuyesetsa tisonyezeni adziwane dziko makamaka limaonetseratu. Ichi ndi chifukwa mbiri yawo yovuta, makamaka pamene anafotokoza za m'ma XVIII, pamene dziko anakumana kusintha, nkhondo Napoleonic. Pa zochitika zimenezi, anthu makamaka zikuchepa anamva adziwane dziko. Mawu kunyada dziko lawo ndi mwambo nthaŵi yaitali wa French, amene akuwonekera Mwachitsanzo, ntchito ya "La Marseillaise" m'masiku athu.

anthu

Funso zimene mitundu anthu Europe, n'kovuta kwambiri, makamaka polingalira njira chipwirikiti cha kusamuka zisakuyenda bwino. Choncho, gawo ayenera okha okha mwachidule kakang'ono pa nkhaniyi. Pofotokoza zinenero kale limene mafuko kuti kumene kuli Africa. Apa m'pofunika kuzindikira zinthu zingapo kwambiri. Europe wakhala m'bwalolo wa Wamkulu Ataliatali kumayambiriro Ages Middle. Choncho, zikuchokera mitundu yake kwambiri variegated. Komanso pa nthawi pa gawo lake linali kulamulidwa ndi Aluya ndi Turkey, amene anasiya chizindikiro awo. Komabe, komabe m'pofunika lozani mndandanda wa anthu a ku Ulaya kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kum'mawa (zino zalembedwa yekha yaikulu ya mtundu): Spanish, Chipwitikizi, French, Italy, Romanians, Germany, magulu Scandinavia mitundu, Asilavo (Belarusians, Ukrainians, Poland, Croatia Serbia , Slovenia, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Russian ndi ena). Pakali pano, nkhani ya njira kusamuka makamaka pachimake pa zimene zingaononge kusintha mapu mtundu wa Europe. Komanso, njira ya kudalirana ndi chi malire lotseguka zingasokoneze kutchinga kuti tisaone madera yosiyanasiyana. funso ili tsopano ndi mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri ndale za dziko, kotero m'mayiko ena, azimuth ndi kusunga chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe kudzipatula.