Zipani za Russia m'zaka za m'ma 20. Mapangidwe ndale ku Russia

Mawu "chipani" amachokera ku partio Greek, kutanthauza onse "gawo" ndi "nkhani" mwina zinthu zina zofanana. ndale, motero, akuimira mgwirizano wa anthu amaganizo amodzi ndi maganizo ofanana ndi zolinga zimene zikhoza anazindikira mwa kupeza nyumba mphamvu pofuna kufotokozera zofuna za magulu ena. zipani za Russia m'zaka za m'ma 20, anayamba mu chilengedwe kusintha kwa ulamuliro wa Nicholas II. Izi autocrat Russian m'malo Alexander III, amene ankatchedwa mtendere kwa pakalibe nkhondo m'nyengo ya ulamuliro wake. The inalowa ufumu monga Nicholas II limodzi ndi imfa ya zikwi za anthu pa Khodynka, kotero ulamuliro wake anali kulephera kuyambira pa chiyambi.

The prerequisites mbiri ya ntchito za zipani zosiyanasiyana

Pa mkulu wa mbiri ya Russian Ufumu wa kwambiri ndi nkhondo ndi Japan mu 1904-1905., Zimene zinachititsa kuti chidwi Kupititsa ndi anthu zomvetsa. Against maziko zofooketsa ulamuliro wa mfumu anayamba azimveka maganizo kwakukulu kuti kumaonekera makamaka SRs ndi Black mazanamazana. Nicholas II kusintha zinthu pambuyo ulimi analowa angapo kusintha ndale, lomwe linali kukhazikitsidwa kwa State Duma. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, thupi woimira dziko kulibe. Mapangidwe ndale ku Russia pa nthawi imene inachitika ku malo atatu: zokomera, monarchical ndi owolowa manja. Ndipo aliyense wa iwo anali ndi makhalidwe komanso kusiyana kwambiri mapulogalamu ndale, momwe zolinga.

Dziko mu ndale za nthawi

Monarchist Russian zipani m'zaka za m'ma 20 anali ochuluka kwambiri. Ena mwa iwo anali: "Russian Collection", "Labor Union wa Anthu", Monarchist Party, "Union Russian Anthu kwa iwo. Mihaila Arhangela "ndi ena. Magulu awa ndale sanali mapulogalamu yunifolomu, koma analalikira pronatsionalisticheskie malingaliro omwe anali kuteteza mwininyumba ulamuliro pa dziko lapansi. "Russia - kwa Russian" - anali kuyankhula za magulu ambiri monarchist ankaona kusiya mphamvu zopanda malire mfumu, ndi Russian Ufumu - ndi autocratic mafumu. Koma ngati aukali sanali zipani zandale ku Russia. Table ndi ntchito yawo poyerekeza.

The Black Mazana anali monarchists

Iye akhapidziwa kuti chiwerengero cha monarchists zambiri m'gulu amalonda yaing'ono, madalaivala zashuga, ndiye m'tawuni "anthu" chiyambi Chirasha, anali amalonda, nzika, amalonda, yaikuluikulu bourgeois, Cossacks, ndipo ngakhale apolisi, kudzipereka wapadera ku boma tsarist. Pakuti anthu awa, chipani mawu, olimbikitsa analalikira kuloŵerera a mitundu ina, anakakamizika wasamuka, kukonza zipolowe, uchigawenga. Kodi wina amadziwika monarchist chipani cha Russia? Mwachidule - mapangidwe magulu a Black Mazana, imene 1905-1914 gg. mwachangu lotengeka pamwamba chauvinism malamulo, Russian dziko ndi odana Semitism. A chithunzi apamwamba mu gulu monarchist anali Purishkevich, kumasulidwa ku mwininyumba chilengedwe.

Dzina lake polemekeza Nkhani

Owolowa manja zipani Russia m'zaka za m'ma 20, makamaka ukufanizidwa ndi Cadets ndi Octobrists (Union of October oimira 17). Mu October 1905, anali chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri wa Nicholas II analandira Ndondomeko pa kusintha kwa anthu, amene anali kumanja mfumu kulamulira (poyamba yekha) ndi State Duma. Msonkhano woyamba wa Cadets (Constitutional Democrats) zinachitika mu chomwecho mu 1905, pamene anakonza njira zikuluzikulu za gulu limeneli phwando.

Boma monga olemekezeka kuyamba kukonzanso

Kumanzere-owolowa manja Cadets (motsogozedwa Miliukov) inkakhala aluntha zemstvos, amalonda, asayansi ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti Russia ayenera msika chuma, udindo wa lamulo, demokalase mwa mawu a ufulu payekha pa mode ambiri a boma mu ufumu aphungu. Zovuta wamba funso iwo akufuna kuthetsa posamutsa munda landlords ndi (kuwasiya chakhumi mazana asanu) ntchito (osati pa) wamba dipo umene ukuyenera kupereka boma. M'mudzi anapitiriza wamba ammudzi. Features za ndale mu Russia kwa mapiko uyu wopangidwa mwa chakuti Cadets aona njira yaikulu ya kusintha kwa zoona, boma ndipo ndikufuna kusintha zinthu m'kalasimo ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa 8 maola Lolemba mpaka Lachisanu, chitukuko zilumikizano za malonda ndi kuthekera kunyanyala. Oimira chipani ichi sanali ndi kukula kwa ufulu wa Finland ndi Poland, komanso anthu a Russia ndi ufulu tanthauzo chikhalidwe.

Iwo sanafune kuchepetsa tsiku ntchito

Mbiri ya maphwando Russian ndale zikuphatikizapo kuti dzina Guchkov, amene anatsogolera Octobrists phwando. gulu limeneli anali owolowa manja koma ndiwofatsa, pakati-bwino. Pa mtima wake anali oimira bourgeoisie (mgwirizano wa bourgeoisie malonda ndi mafakitale a m'mizinda ikuluikulu) ndipo phiko makezana za kuwatsutsa Zemstvo akufuna kuchita kusintha kudzera yamalamulo popanda nkhondo. Octo zinali kwa indivisibility la Russia, kuteteza dongosolo mu mawonekedwe a Duma mafumu, yankho la funso wamba likuvutika amene akufunika dziko Siberia, kupereka alimi ndi ufulu wofanana ndi makalasi zina za anthu, kuteteza dziko landlords 'pa chiwombolo chawo zotheka amalipiritsa lalikulu, kugulitsa wamba m'mayiko onse . Chifukwa chipani ankapita ndi industrialists, iwo anali ndi 8 maola tsiku ntchito (m'malo 11-12 maola), chifukwa iwo ankakhulupirira kuti anthu asangalale zokwanira chifukwa maholide achipembedzo.

SRs akufuna kuti apange chitaganya cha anthu

Zokomera chipani cha Russia m'zaka za m'ma 20 anali kuperekedwa kwa boma Social ndi Democrats Social (RSDLP). Choyamba kutsogoleredwa ndi Chernov V. M. SRs anapanga makamaka pakati neopopulists ndi osamuka yachilendo, amene amakhulupirira kuti anthu ayenera kusintha ndi chiyembekezo chakuti a autocracy lapansi. Amayenera kuyika mphamvu ya anthu, kuti lachiweruzo ndi Assembly Constituent, akonzekeretse Russia monga chitaganya cha anthu ndi ufulu wa mitundu kudzimvera kuthetsa nkhani zina. The landlords kuchotsa dziko, pochitika mu ntchito anthu a m'dera wamba. SRs adalipo njira za mantha, kukopa kuti tithe ake anzeru -. Ophunzira, aphunzitsi, madokotala, etc. chipani anali wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu wamba ndi.

Mphamvu ya galimoto zisinthe - ndi proletariat

zipani ku Russia mu 1905 m'gulu awiri kupangitsa "nthambi" za Social-Democrats. Mapangidwe a chipani anali formalized mu 1903, kunja, mu Brussels, kumene hayala Analeredwa, pazipita ndi osachepera ndondomeko chipani yokha. The Democrats Social adalira pa kalasi ntchito, osati wamba (Pakati pa nthawiyo anali 80% osaphunzira). Iwo amafuna kulanda boma lachifumu, kuti atchule ufulu kuti azivota, kupatutsa mpingo ndi boma. Antchito akuyembekezeka kulowa nthawi ya maora osaposera asanu ndi atatu anakonza penshioni, inshuwalansi, kodi kufafaniza ntchito ana mosafanana ndi kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu wamkazi. Wamba anali kulandira magawo awo, zimene apeza mu nthawi ya kusintha kwa 1861. Pa zokambirana pa nkhani zikuluzikulu za gulu anatuluka kusagwirizana, ndipo mamembala ake anayamba kulowa Bolshevik Party (mtsogoleri - V. I. Lenin) ndi Party Mensheviks (lotsogoleredwa ndi Martov).

The Mensheviks ankakhulupirira kuti chipani chawo lidzakhala lilipo kugulu, njira chosintha ayenera kutsogolera bourgeoisie mu mgwirizano ndi proletariat lapansi. Wamba Mensheviks ankaona chidina zakale, anapereka kutenga dziko ku landlords ndi kunditumiza ku umwini boma, pokhalabe ziwembu ochepa ntchito pa nthaka.

Chinsinsi cha bungwe ndi kutsekedwa a chipani

The Bolshevik Party analinso kuti ukwati wawo ayenera kutsekedwa gulu conspiratorial. Mphamvu ya zisinthe galimoto kumbali Lenin zinali proletariat mu mgwirizano ndi anthu wamba ndi bourgeoisie ankaona ndi chidina zakale. Kusintha kuti ankafuna kuti achite njira zachiwawa ndi kuyambitsa kusintha kwa tsarist boma olamulira a proletariat lapansi. Agrarian chipani pulogalamu m'gulu kuwonongedwa kwa mpingo, landlordism ndi kulanda dziko ndi boma. Izo ziyenera kuti maganizo a Bolshevik Party mu 1917 (April - kulengezedwa Lenin a "April mfundozo") sanali wotchuka mu chilengedwe zandale ndi anthu. Choncho, nthumwi chipani linakhazikitsa yotakata propaganda ndawala pakati pa asilikali, osawuka, antchito, ndi zina zotero., Kuonjezera chiwerengero cha mbali. Ndipo iwo anapambana, popeza mphamvu zandale anachititsa Great October Socialist utasintha. Oimira gulu la ndale anapanga Party Communist.

Izo ziyenera kuti mapulogalamu a zipani zandale za nthawi sanali ofanana ndi mzake. Mwachitsanzo, Cadets akufuna kuwonjezera ufulu wa madera awiri, pamene Bolsheviks ankafuna kupereka mitundu yonse ufulu wodzilamulira, kuphatikizapo kuthekera kulekana. Koma, ngati mbiri yasonyeza, Gulu Communist monga wolowa mmalo mwa Bolsheviks M'malo mwake, asonkhane pafupifupi dera lonse la Russian Ufumu mu amodzi osakwatiwa, koma ndi osiyana dongosolo chikhalidwe.