Thupi katundu wa hayidirojeni. Katundu ndi ntchito haidrojeni

Haidrojeni H - mankhwala amafotokozera, mmodzi wa ambiri mu chilengedwe chathu. Unyinji wa hayidirojeni monga mchitidwe mu zikuchokera nkhani 75% ya zili okwana ma atomu a mtundu wina. Akulowa kugwirizana kwambiri kwambiri ndi yofunika padziko lonse lapansi - madzi. Chinthu chapadera a haidrojini ndi zoona kuti ndi chinthu choyamba mu tebulo nthawi ya zinthu mankhwala D. I. Mendeleeva.

Apeza ndi kafukufuku

Kutchula koyamba a haidrojini mu zolemba za tsiku Paracelsus ku m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi. Koma kudzipatula ake kwa mpweya osakaniza mpweya ndi katundu flammable kafukufuku chaonekera mu chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri asayansi m'ma Lemaire. Haidrojeni bwinobwino kuphunzira English sayansi ndi wasayansi Henry Cavendish wasayansi amene empirically anatsimikizira kuti unyinji wa hayidirojeni wotsikitsitsa poyerekeza ndi mpweya wina. Mu masiteji ina ya chitukuko cha sayansi, asayansi ambiri ankagwira naye ntchito, monga Lavoisier, amene amatchedwa kuti "kwaiye madzi."

Mbali pa nkhaniyi PSKHE

Amafotokozera, kutsegula nthawi tebulo D. I. Mendeleeva - ndi wa hydrogen. Thupi ndi mankhwala zimatha maatomu kuonetsa duality zina chifukwa a hydrogen imodzi m'gulu la woyamba, subgroup chachikulu, ngati khalidwe monga zitsulo ndi amapereka elekitironi umodzi mu ndondomeko ya mankhwala anachita ndi chiwiri - zinachitikira kwathunthu wodzazidwa valence chipolopolo, i.e. phwando particles zoipa, amene amadziwika ngati ofanana halogen a.

Features dongosolo la zamagetsi la mchitidwe wa

The katundu wa atomu wa hydrogen zinthu zovuta imene ali nawo, ndi losavuta mankhwala a N ₂ kwenikweni anatsimikiza mtima kasinthidwe amagetsi a haidrojini. The tinthu ali ndi elekitironi ndi Z = (-1), yomwe imazungulira mu kanjira kake padziko phata munali pulotoni imodzi misa wagawo ndi mlandu zabwino (1). pakompyuta kasinthidwe ake 1s ananena ^1, zimene zikusonyeza pamaso pa tinthu zoipa palokha chifukwa koyamba ndiponso a haidrojini m-orbitals.

Pamene kudzipatula kapena kudana elekitironi ndi atomu ya amafotokozera ali ndi chuma kuti akalowa zitsulo analandira cation. Kwenikweni haidrojeni ion - ndi zabwino pulayimale tinthu. Choncho, elekitironi wopanda wa hydrogen otchedwa chabe pulotoni.

thupi katundu

Pofotokoza za thupi katundu wa hayidirojeni mwachidule, ndi colorless, mouma sungunuka mpweya ndi atomiki misa wachibale wa 2, nthawi 14.5 opepuka kuposa mpweya, ndi liquefaction kutentha kwa madigiri -252,8 Centigrade.

Mu zimenezo, mukhoza kuona kuti H ₂ ndi yophweka. Ndi okwanira kudzaza mipira atatu zinthu zosiyanasiyana - hayidirojeni, carbon dioxide, ambiri mpweya - ndi imodzi kumasula iwo mu dzanja. The yachangu kuti umalandira pansi, wodzala ndi NKHA ₂ pambuyo madontho zokula mpweya osakaniza chikukhudza H ₂ ndi onse kuwuka kwa denga.

A yaing'ono kulemera ndi kukula kwa particles wa hydrogen zifukwa umatha mkatikati mwa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana. Pa chitsanzo cha mpira chomwecho mu izi kovuta masiku angapo pambuyo deflates wokha ngati chabe mpweya adzadutsa mphira. Komanso, wa hydrogen akhoza kudziunjikira mu kapangidwe ka zitsulo zina (palladium kapena pulatinamu), ndipo pamene kutentha liukitsidwa kuti asanduke nthunzi izo.

Katundu wa hydrogen mouma ntchito zasayansi kwa kudzipatula njira zake aithamangitse madzi. thupi katundu wa hayidirojeni (tebulo ikusonyezera pansipa lili ndi magawo moyo) anatsimikiza ukulu wa ntchito ndi njira yokonza.

isotopic zikuchokera

Monga ena ambiri a dongosolo nthawi ya zinthu mankhwala, haidrojeni ali isotopes angapo zachilengedwe, i.e. maatomu ndi nambalayi wa mapulotoni mu phata, koma manambala osiyanasiyana neutrons - particles ndi ziro ndi wagawo mlandu misa. Zitsanzo ndi ma atomu ndi katundu zofanana - Mpweya, chlorine, bromine ndi monga, kuphatikizapo nyukiliya.

thupi katundu wa hayidirojeni ¹ H, zotchuka kwambiri wa oimira gulu zimasiyana kwambiri anthu a makhalidwe a anyamata ake. Makamaka, mbali zosiyanasiyana za zinthu zimene iwo ali. Choncho, pali nthawi zonse ndiponso deuterated madzi okhala mu kapangidwe kake mmalo mwa atomu wa hydrogen ndi chimodzi chokha purotoni deuterium ² H - isotope ndi particles awiri pulayimale: HIV ndi uncharged. isotope Izi kawiri ankawonjezereka kuposa masiku a hayidirojeni, lomwe limafotokoza kusiyana ofunika katundu wa mankhwala amene iwo amapanga. Chikhalidwe cha deuterium opezeka mu nthawi 3200 n'kukhala kuposa wa hydrogen. Chachitatu Woimilirako - tritium, ³ H, mu pakati lili awiri purotoni ndi nyutironi wina.

Njira pokonza ndi kusakonda

Laboratory ndi njira mafakitale yopangira wa hydrogen zosiyana. Choncho, wochepa mpweya amapangidwa makamaka zosiyanasiyana zokhudza mchere, ndi kupanga zikuluzikulu za akugwiritsa ntchito kaphatikizidwe organic.

Zotsatirazi zochita mankhwala ntchito zasayansi:

1. Zimene zitsulo soda ndi zamchere lapansi ndi madzi kupanga soda ndi mpweya ankafuna.
2. The electrolysis ya amadzimadzi electrolyte yankho pa anode limasuka H ₂ ↑, ndi cathode - oxygen.
3. Kuwonongeka hydrides zitsulo soda ndi madzi, soda ndi mankhwala ali, motero, mpweya H ₂ ↑.
4. Yatikhudza asidi kuchepetsa ndi zitsulo kupanga salt ndi H ₂ ↑.
5. Ntchito ya soda pa pakachitsulo, zotayidwa ndi nthaka kumathandiza kuti amasulidwe wa hydrogen mu kufanana kupanga salt zovuta.

Mu mafakitale phindu mafuta akamagwira njira monga:

1. Matenthedwe kuwonongeka kwa dziko mu kukhalapo kwa chothandizira kwa zinthu zake constituent pulayimale (madigiri 350 umalandira mtengo wa chizindikiro monga kutentha) - wa hydrogen H ₂ ndi mpweya C. ↑
2. Kufala ya nthunzi ya madzi kupyolera coke pa 1000 ° C kupanga mpweya woipa NKHA ₂ ndi H ₂ ↑ (njira ambiri).
3. Kutembenuka kwa dziko mpweya pa chothandizira ndi faifi tambala pa kutentha kwa madigiri 800.
4. Wa hydrogen ndi byproduct pa electrolysis njira amadzimadzi mankhwala enaake potaziyamu kapena sodium wochuluka.

Chemical ankachita: kamba ambiri

thupi katundu wa hayidirojeni kwakukulukulu kufotokoza makhalidwe ake mu njira ayankhe ndi pawiri makamaka. Valency a haidrojini ndi 1, chifukwa ili mu tebulo zodziwitsa mu gulu loyamba, ndipo akusonyeza boma makutidwe ndi okosijeni osiyana. Mu mankhwala, kupatula hydrides, Sd wa hydrogen = (1+) mu mamolekyulu a mtundu CNs, CN _2, CN ₃ - (1).

A molekyulu mpweya wa hydrogen, popangidwa ndi kupereka zowombetsa mkota awiri elekitironi lopangidwa ndi ma atomu aŵiri mwachilungamo khola ankafalitsa mwakhama, pachifukwa ichi m'mikhalidwe zachilendo kwambiri inert mu anachita ndi alowa pa yachibadwa kusintha zinthu. Malinga mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni a haidrojini ngati zinthu zina, akhoza kutumikira monga oxidant ndi reductant.

Zinthu zomwe anatani kupanga hydrogen ndi

mogwirizana elemental kupanga zinthu zovuta kumvetsa (zambiri pa kutentha okwera):

1. The soda ndi zamchere lapansi zitsulo + H = hydride.
2. Halogen + H ₂ = halide wa hydrogen.
3. Sulfa + = sulfide wa hydrogen.
4. Mpweya + _H2O = madzi.
5. Mpweya + H = dziko.
6. Asafe + H ₂ = ammonia.

Mogwirizana ndi zinthu zovuta:

1. Kukonzekera kaphatikizidwe mpweya kuchokera mpweya monoxide ndi wa hydrogen.
2. Kuchira zitsulo ku oxides awo ndi H _2.
3. Haidrojeni machulukitsidwe wa chimasanduka unsaturated aliphatic.

chomangira wa hydrogen

thupi katundu wa hayidirojeni wotere zimene zingathe, kukhala mogwirizana ndi mchitidwe electronegative, kupanga mtundu wapadera kugwirizana ndi atomu womwewo wa mamolekyulu chomwe chili pafupi ndi unshared elekitironi awiriawiri (mwachitsanzo, mpweya, asafe ndi fluorine). Chitsanzo momveka bwino kuti ndi bwino tione zodabwitsazi - ndi madzi. Tinganene stitched nsinga wa hydrogen ofooka kuposa covalent kapena amaayoni, koma chifukwa chakuti ambiri mwa iwo ali ndi chikoka kwambiri pa katundu zinthu. Ndipotu, ubwenzi wa hydrogen - ndi anzake electrostatic, chimango madzi mamolekyulu mu dimers ndi ma polima, kutsimikizira ake kuwira mfundo mkulu.

Haidrojeni mu zikuchokera mankhwala mchere

The zikuchokera zidulo zochita kupanga monga purotoni - cation atomu monga wa hydrogen. Mankhwala asidi zotsalira zimene amamva makutidwe ndi okosijeni woposa (-1) Akuti polybasic pawiri. Pakali pano pali maatomu angapo wa hydrogen, zomwe zimapangitsa dissociation multistage mu njira amadzimadzi. Aliyense wotsatira purotoni asidi zotsalira umatilekanitsa kovuta. Kuchuluka kwa okhutira wa hydrogen chilengedwe anatsimikiza ndi acidity ake.

Haidrojeni muli magulu hydroxyl ndi zapansi. Iwo olumikiza atomu wa hydrogen mpweya, chifukwa mu mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zotsalira soda nthawi zonse wofanana (-1). Zomwe zili magulu hydroxyl m'malo chimafotokozera basicity ake.

Ntchito zochita za anthu

Zonenepa ndi zinthu, komanso muli ndi mpweya wina liquefied monga mpweya, ndi maonekedwe enieni. Iwo anajambula darkish-wobiriwira mtundu ndi ofiira owala "wa hydrogen" lettering. Mpweya ndi jekeseni zibaluni pa kufinya pafupifupi 150 atmospheres. thupi katundu wa hayidirojeni, makamaka chomasuka gaseous boma akaphatikiza ndi ntchito kuwadzaza ndi osakaniza balloons helium, woomba balloons, etc.

Haidrojeni, ndi thupi katundu ndi mankhwala omwe anthu aphunzira ntchito zaka zambiri zapitazo, pa mphindi nawo m'mafakitale ambiri. misa Aika amapita ku ulimi wa ammonia. Komanso wa hydrogen kumatanthauza yopanga zitsulo (hafnium, germanium, gallium, pakachitsulo, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, ndi ena) wa oxides, kulankhula zimene ngati wothandizira kuchepetsa ndi mchere asidi hydrocyanic, mowa methyl, komanso kupanga madzi mafuta. The adzasowa chakudya amagwiritsa Pofuna kutembenuza masamba mafuta mu mafuta olimba.

Tanthauzo katundu mankhwala ndi ntchito haidrojeni mu njira zosiyanasiyana hydrogenation ndi hydrogenation wa mafuta, malasha, chimasanduka, mafuta ndi mafuta lolemera mafuta. Naye kubala ngale, incandescent gwiritsirani kulipira ndi kuwotcherera katundu zitsulo mchikakamizo cha lawi mpweya-wa hydrogen.