Mbiri chitukuko ndi maganizo mwachidule. masiteji mbiri ya chitukuko cha anthu

Pali nkhani zosiyanasiyana osatha kuti akhala n'zogometsa maganizo. ndife ndani? Kodi anachokera kuti? Tipite? Amenewa ndi ena mwa mavuto ndi amalanga lalikulu monga nzeru.

M'nkhani ino tidzayesetsa kumvetsa zimene anthu akuchita pa Dziko Lapansi. Dziŵani maganizo a ofufuza. Ena mwa iwo onani nkhani monga zachitukuko zomwe zakonzedwa, ena - monga chatsekedwa ozungulira ndondomeko.

Nzeru za mbiri

chilango maziko kwa phunziro akutenga funso udindo wathu mu dziko. Kodi pali tanthauzo lenileni mu zinthu zonse zimene zimachitika? Tikuyesetsa kulembamo izo, ndiyeno zomangira mu dongosolo limodzi.

Koma amene kwenikweni protagonist? Man amalenga ndondomeko kapena chochitika kuthamanga ndi anthu? Awa ndi mavuto ena ambiri akuyesera kuthetsa nzeru za mbiri.

Pa kafukufuku izo allocated chitukuko mbiri ya zinthu zosiyana. Kenako, tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mawu akuti "nzeru za mbiri" koyamba mu zolemba Voltaire, koma anayamba ndi German wasayansi woweta.

Mbiri ya dziko ali anthu nthawi zonse chidwi. Ngakhale kalelo panali anthu amene anali kuyesera kuti alembe ndi kutanthauzira zochitika. Chitsanzo adzakhala voluminous Herodotus ntchito. Koma ndiye zinthu zambiri anafotokoza za "Mulungu" thandizo.

Choncho, tiyeni mvetserani kwa zinthu zakuya za chitukuko cha anthu. Makamaka ngati kuli anthu angapo Mabaibulo yotheka.

mfundo ziwiri za view

Mtundu woyamba akunena za ziphunzitso za unitary mwa magawo. Kodi mawu amenewa? Othandiza njira imeneyi, ndondomeko chikuoneka ngati mbeta, liniya ndipo nthawi zonse patsogolo. Amene pachifukwa osiyana mitundu ya chikhalidwe, komanso a anthu onse, zomwe zimagwirizana pamodzi.

Choncho, malinga ndi zimene amakhulupirirazi, ife tonse timapita mu magawo chomwecho chitukuko. Onse Aluya ndi Chinese ndi azungu, ndi anthu otchedwa ma Bushmen. Panthawi imeneyi ife tili pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana. Koma pamapeto onse abwere kwa wina ndi anthu olemera. Choncho, m'pofunika kapena kudikira mpaka ena masitepe kudzalimbikitsa kusanduka, kapena kuthandiza pa nkhani imeneyi.

Chachiwiri tione magawo chitukuko anthu otchedwa chimaphunzitsa n'zofunika kwambiri. maganizo awo ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi amene m'mbuyomu. Ngati Gululi ndi unitary-stadial mfundo patsogolo wopandamalire ali takambiranawa, pluralists mu kukaikira ichi.

Malinga ndi malingaliro awo, mbiri ya dziko ndizo mabungwe ambiri palokha, amene athamanga njira zawo za chitukuko. Ziri ngati mycelium mu nkhalango. Chimakula mwa izo ndi bowa zingapo ataima pafupi. Aliyense wa iwo adzapitiriza kukula mu njira yake, koma lamulo lomweli. Pambuyo maluwa kubwera wilting ndi imfa. Koma m'malo mwake akubwera mtengo watsopano.

Choncho, likukhalira kuti palibe kusanduka zonse, ndi mbiriyakale imadzibwereza yokha. Chilichonse kudziwika kwa ife, pa nthawi ina chuma cha anthu yapita, amene anafika mfundo zake ndipo mbisoweka.

lingaliro chilengedwe

Tikuyankhula zokhudza mfundo monga "chitukuko mbiri ya zosiyana." Formational, chitukuko kapena chilengedwe - zilibe kanthu. Chinthu chachikulu - kuti asayansi adasonkhana maganizo limodzi. Tanthauzo la chitukuko ndi zoona, ngakhale kumbali ya zipani samakana kuti anthu kukhala pansi pa malamulo ndi masiteji, koma mwauzimu ndi.

Ndiko kuti, pamene munthu mu M'badwo Stone Ndikufuna kudya, iye anapita kusaka kapena anakudzula chipatso cha mtengowo. Masitepe oyamba zikukhudza ntchito kwambiri m'zigawo za gwero la. Tiyeni tifananize lino. Nyama ndi wokonzeka, koma amafunanso kuti. Tili kupita ku ntchito, kuti ndalama, kenako kusinthanitsa iwo chakudya. Choncho, ndondomeko akanali yemweyo, kokha kukhala zovuta.

Choncho, chilengedwe mfundo zabwino zokha chiphunzitso, chifukwa amaona munthu popanda. Munthu aliyense ayesedwa kunja kwa anthu. Tanthauzo la mfundo imeneyi kwagona kuti makhalidwe abwino, mfundo ndi malamulo ayikidwako munthu pachiyambi. Ndiko kuti, tilibe kukhala, koma kuwulula zomwe angathe.

Komabe, zikomo masomphenya sangakhale mwanjira mokhutiritsa kuphatikiza njira zonse. Choncho, mwatsatanetsatane, tiona otsala yachiwiriyo.

lingaliro civilizational

The loyamba la awiri ambiri Baibulo kumafuna osalunjika chitukuko cha anthu. Gululi, monga Danilevsky ndi Spengler, mbiri amasonyezera pa mawonekedwe a chitukuko akutali, pali osiyana ndi choyambirira kuti sikawirikawiri kucheza ndi mzake.

Pa chitukuko cha chiphunzitso chimenechi, ena mwa malamulo anali kudzipatula, zimene standardize zinachitika mu zamoyo wa anthu ndi kuphatikiza iwo mu gulu limodzi.

Civilizational mfundo chitukuko mbiri zikutanthauza motsata madera ena ena misonkhano. Iwo amatchedwa malamulo chikhalidwe-mbiri.

Onse asanu a iwo anasonyeza pa tsiku. Choncho, chitukuko zitha kuonedwa monga anthu, lomwe lili ndi zinthu zonse kuyambira pa zifukwa zotsatirazi:

1. chinenero Common kapena zinenero kuti gulu likhoza tilankhule wina ndi mnzake.
2. wodzilamulira ndi olamulira ena ndi mfundo kuti amalenga malo patsogolo.
3. Kudziwa za chikhalidwe, miyambo ndi zikhulupiriro za chipembedzo.
4. Njira amalire. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti, chitukuko nthaŵi ya kubadwa, kudza ndi kugwa.

Choncho, amalimbikitsa chitukuko mbiri apeza anthu ena m'deralo. Ngati iwo maiko, adzatembenuza khumi ndi zigawo: China, India, Mesopotamia, Ayuda dziko, Mexico, Latin America, Greece, Rome, ndi ena.

Kuchokera pa mfundo imeneyi, likukhalira kuti nkhaniyi - si njira yotsatana, ndi ozungulira. Ndipo chitukuko chathu amafuna kuchepa mphamvu, ndipo adzakhala m'malo mwa mapangidwe zatsopano.

lingaliro formational

Gululi njira imeneyi kuona mbiri ya magawo mzaka za chitukuko. Pakati pa asayansi amene ndi maganizo amenewa anali Marx, Ferguson, Smith, Chichewa.

Njira imeneyi adzatenge ndi liniya kusanduka anthu ku njira zosavuta kuti mtundu amakono. Zimenezi zikugwira onse kwa tilili kuthupi ndi kupita patsogolo luso.

ndicho chiphunzitso chawo n'chiyani? Maziko a chitukuko cha anthu, aona kusintha njira yopanga. mokwanira tikambirana zina, koma mfundo yaikulu ndi iyi.
Poyamba, anthu sanalenge chirichonse, monga kupeza zimene abwera njira zawo. Zinali ambiri kusaka, kusonkhanitsa zipatso, nsomba.

Kenako panali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ziweto ayipanga cultivars mbewu monga chimanga, masamba ndi zipatso. Tsopano mukhoza kukonza malo a mtundu ndi anthu, mosiyana ndi mlandu ndi mwayi wa siteji m'mbuyomu.

Komanso, anthu anayamba kutulutsa katundu mokulira. Panali ntchito, luso. Pakhala kugawikana kwa anthu mu olemera ndi osauka. Kunali akapolo.

Mu malo kumanga uyu akubwera ang'onoang'ono, imene nthawi anayamba kukhazikitsa njira lakonzedwa kuti m'malo ntchito anthu. Koma iwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi antchito a. Komanso, pali mphamvu kupanga imene anthu azimwa ntchito yothandizira, koma ntchito ambiri ogwira ntchito pa mafakitale ndi.

Sitepe chomwecho kumafuna yekha kochepa okhudzidwa anthu pa ulimi. Zonse muyenera - kuchotsa zowonongeka ndi kupereka zofunika ntchito makinawa.

Choncho, ngati ife kulankhula za lingaliro formational, ziyenera ananena kuti analandira sitepe yotsatira ndi sitepe gulu la mbiri ya anthu. Maziko a ndi ulimi wa chuma. Tiyeni tione nthawi iliyonse mwatsatanetsatane.

Alenje ndi okolola

Malingaliro zikuluzikulu za chitukuko mbiri zimatulutsa nthawi imene anthu anakhala padera ndi fuko lililonse, osabala kanthu ndi sanakule, ndi kokha ntchito mphatso zachilengedwe.

Izi zinachitika pa chiyambi cha anthu. Mu zakale zokumba pansi, nthawi imeneyi ikufanana ndi zaka mwala kapena paleolith.

Dzina sayansi siteji - mafuko kapena wosazindikira. Panthawi imeneyi, anthu sankadziwa mmene kukula zomera ndi nyama, osati kuŵetedwa nyama limodzi. Only ndi posachedwapa ali omasuka ndi moto.

Njira yokhayo kuti apeze chakudya ndi zovala akhasaka ndi kusonkhanitsa. Kupanga zida ndi zipangizo nthawi imeneyi lagawidwa magawo angapo. Poyamba ntchito njira pa dzanja - nkhuni, miyala, mafupa. Kenako tinauzidwa kuti ntchito zinthu izi bwino.

Asayansi lamamatira pakachitsulo kokulumunya amene amaphatikizidwa pa chidutswa cha nkhuni kapena nyanga, kupanga tsamba kufanana. Zimangooneka ngati mipeni woyamba. Komanso, anthu aphunzira kuti mivi ndi mikondo, anatulukira uta ndi mivi.

Kudyetsa fuko, kunali koyenera kuti ntchito pamodzi kuyendetsa nyama zikuluzikulu. Nthawi imeneyi, kuyamba kulankhulana. Poyamba, pakuti amagwiritsa manja ndi phokoso, ndiye anapanga kulankhula coherent.

Njira yachiwiri kuzidyetsa wokha anali kusonkhana. Kudzera polakwitsalakwitsa, kupeza zipatso edible, zitsamba, mizu. Kenako iyi horticulture.

ukapolo

Pa nthawi (timakumbukira kuti tikulankhula za mfundo zikuluzikulu za chitukuko mbiri), kampani anayamba kuuza malo ndi chuma. zigawo kupangidwa, kapena ngati iwo ali kutchedwa, Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira.

The ankaopedwa kwambiri ndi amene akhoza lamulirani ndi kusamalira mbewu yonse payokha. Iwo anakhala atsogoleri olamulira, ulamuliro.

The chachiwiri zitsulo wosanjikiza Ansembe. Izi zinaphatikizapo anthu amene akudziwa mmene tiyenera kuchitira anadziwa zinsinsi zina za nkhani napeza ena zina mwa zinthu zimene ambiri sakudziwa nkomwe. Kenako iwo analandira ziphunzitso ndi akuluakulu achipembedzo la mabungwe a (mpingo, malamulo achipembedzo ndi zina zotero.).

fuko ayenera kutetezedwa encroachments pa gawo mfundo. Choncho, asilikali anapanga gulu.

Yaikulu kagulu kamene anali amisiri wamba, alimi, pastoralists - ndi strata m'munsi mwa anthu.

Komabe, mu nthawi iyi, anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito ndi ukapolo. Okolola ngati disempowered zimachitika onse amene anabwera chiwerengero chawo chifukwa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Zinali zotheka kuti mu ngongole, mwachitsanzo. Kuti si kupereka ndalama, koma ntchito. Komanso amagulitsidwa utumiki ogwidwa olemera ndi mafuko ena.

Akapolo anali waukulu ntchito mphamvu mu nthawi iyi. Tayang'anani pa mapiramidi a mu Igupto kapena Wall Wamkulu wa China - zipilala amenewa anaimika manja monga akapolo.

Nthawi ya feudalism

Koma anthufe kusanduka ndipo m'malo phwando la sayansi anabwera kukula kwa kuwonjezeka asilikali. Stratum olamulira ndi ankhondo mafuko wamphamvu kwambiri, chifukwa cholephera ansembe, anayamba kuumiriza anthu oyandikana dziko lake, nthawi yomweyo kulanda dziko lawo ndi yokongola msonkho.

Zinali zaphindu kulanda osati disenfranchised akapolo amene akhoza Imirira, midzi yambiri ndi Amaya. Iwo ankagwira ntchito m'minda mabanja awo chakudya, ndipo kazembeyo m'dera anawateteza. Chifukwa kuti iye anapereka gawo la zokolola ndiponso ziweto wamkulu.

mbiri chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha mwachidule pofotokoza nthawi imeneyi kusintha anthu ku Buku kupanga makina. Nthawi ya feudalism zimakhala chimodzimodzi ndi Zapakati ndi nthawi yatsopano.

M'nthawi imeneyi, anthu katswiri momwe m'mlengalenga - anapeza m'mayiko ena, ndipo mkati - kufufuza katundu wa zinthu, ndi mwayi anthu. Kupezeka kwa America, India, ndi silika Road ndi zochitika zina zimaonetsa chitukuko anthu panthawi imeneyi.

Mu mbuye ang'onoang'ono amene anali m'dzikoli, zinali abwanamkubwa, amene alumikizirana ndi Amaya. Mu njira iyi anamasula nthawi yanga ndipo anatha kuligwira zosangalatsa, chinkhoswe nyama kapena nkhondo looting.

Koma patsogolo osati chilili. ganizo Scientific anapita patsogolo monga asapita chikhalidwe.

anthu mafakitale

A siteji atsopano chitukuko mbiri ya chiphunzitso cha amakhala ndi ufulu, munthu, poyerekeza ndi anthu m'mbuyomu. Yambani kuimirira lingaliro la kuyanjana kwa anthu onse, lamanja la aliyense kukhala ulemu, osati stagnation ndi ntchito chiyembekezo.

Komanso, pali njira yoyamba kuti kupanga kupanga mosavuta ndipo mofulumira. Tsopano, kodi kamodzi mmisiri kumachita sabata, zikanakhala zotheka kuti akonze maola angapo, ndipo si kukopa akatswiri ndi popanda kulipira ndalama iliyonse.

Pa malo ogulitsira munalidi gulu pali mafakitare woyamba ndi zomera. Kumene, iwo sizimagwirizana ndi amakono, koma chifukwa nthawi iwo anali pamwamba.
Zikhulupiriro Modern chitukuko mbiri correlate kumasula anthu ku ntchito yokakamiza ndi kukula wake maganizo ndi ozindikira. M'pake kuti pa nthawi iyi pali sukulu yonse ya anthu, ofufuza zachilengedwe sayansi ndi asayansi ena amene maganizo ndi wofunika lero.

Amene sanamve a Kant, Freud kapena Nietzsche? Pambuyo French kuukira boma, anthu wayamba kulankhula osati za kufanana kwa anthu, komanso za udindo wa aliyense m'mbiri yadziko. Iwo likukhalira kuti zinthu m'mbuyomo analandira kudzera mwa munthu osati ntchito milungu yosiyanasiyana.

pambuyo mafakitale siteji

Masiku ano tikukhala mu nthawi ya kupambana wamkulu, ngati ife tiyang'ana pa mbiri siteji ya chitukuko cha dziko. Munthu waphunzira choyerekeza maselo, phazi padziko mwezi, kufufuza pafupifupi kulikonse Earth.

nthawi yathu amapereka chitsime chosaphwa mwayi, osati kanthu kuti dzina yachiwiri nyengo - Information. Tsopano tsiku pali zambiri zatsopano monga inu sanali nayo ndi chaka. Ife alibenso nthawi mtsinje.

Komanso, ngati inu mutayang'ana pa ulimi, pafupifupi onse kukonzekera. Umunthu ndi zambiri kukwatira mu utumiki ndiponso zosangalatsa.

Choncho, potengera ndi lingaliro liniya chitukuko mbiri, anthu kupita kumvetsa chilengedwe timudziwe bwino dziko wamumtima. Akukhulupirira kuti gawo lotsatira udzakhala wokhazikika pa chilengedwe cha anthu amene kale anafotokoza okha utopias.

Kotero, ife amaonedwa lingaliro la makono a chitukuko mbiri. Iwo anazindikira kwambiri mu njira mapangidwe. Tsopano inu mukudziwa kungoganizira zoyambirira za zamoyo wa anthu ku anthu wosazindikira masiku ano.