History of Odessa yakale masiku ano: tsiku, zochitika, anthu otchuka ku Odessa

Kulakwa kuganiza kuti mbiri ya Odessa anayamba ndi zikamera pamalo ake mzinda wamakono. Anthu ndakhala kuno kale kwambiri, ndipo iwo asankha dera limeneli chifukwa chakuti Bay wanu ndi wabwino kwambiri madzi m'dera la doko. Komanso, apa ndi wofatsa ndi zoyenera nyengo.

amakedzana

Woyamba midzi olembedwa anawonekera kuno mu BC VI atumwi. Izi zinali nthawi ya Greece wakale. Ancient chikhalidwe kufalikira mu Mediterranean, mbakuya, ndipo Nyanja Black. Colonia, pa malo, patatha zaka zambiri wamkulu Odessa, dzina lake Istrion. Komanso pafupi chitakhazikitsidwa Nikonion, Turo Isakion. Likulu la njuchi ankaona wolemera ndipo anayamba Olbia. Pa heyday a anthu ake kuti anafikira anthu 15 sauzande.

Mu II m'ma BC nthawi wakale wadutsa kuti pa msinkhu wina wa chitukuko. Greece anabwera pansi pa ulamuliro wa Roma, ndipo mu Black Sea steppes anapita amalonda ndi ofufuza za dziko lino. Mu ulamuliro wa Hadrian ife zikukangalika malonda ndi Asikuti - okhala steppes lapansi.

Zosowa zakale nthawi inatha pamene m'zaka IV dziko m'deralo anawononga pambuyo nkhondo ya wongosamukasamuka. Iwo anasamuka kumadzulo wapanikizidwa zolusa ndi wosakaza chumawo wa Huns, kutsogozedwa ndi Attila. Trade anaima, ku mzinda wakale anali mabwinja, amene anayamba kufufuza okha za m'ma XX.

oyambirira Ages Middle

Mu Early Ages Middle ya Black Sea gombe wadutsa kuchokera ku dzanja m'manja. Poyamba malo awa anali mchikakamizo cha Ufumu wa Byzantine, amene anali madera a ku Crimea ndi kulamulidwa malonda pa malo a Odessa. Komabe, pa nthawi Agiriki zinafa, ndipo dziko wopanda wotanganidwa Asilavo, yeniyeni, ubwanawe mafuko Tivertsy. Iyi inali nthawi kuchokera VIII kuti X atumwi.

m'deralo akhala opanikizika nthawi zonse kuchokera wongosamukasamuka - Pechenegs ndi Polovtsy ndi anachokera ku Turkey. Choncho, kwa zaka zambiri, mbiri ya Odessa ankadziwa kulimbana a mafuko osiyanasiyana amene analibe m'mizinda ikuluikulu ndi madoko. Komanso kukula zinthu Chitata nkhondo ya atumwi XIII. Chifukwa cha iye, onse chikhalidwe zikumera pang'ono inawonongedwa, omwe analipo pa Nyanja Black.

Trade Center ndi Italy

M'zaka za m'ma XIV malo awa mwachidule m'manja mwa Duchy la Lithuania, Unia kugwirizana ndi ufumu Polish. Iwo anasolola akhama amalonda Italy, ulendo wake kudzera Constantinople. Iwo analenga kwambiri cha mizinda Crimea (Kaffa, Tana, Likostomo, anthu amoyo, Moncastro).

Kuti amalonda Catholic anatisiyira Analembera chikumbutso cha Muluwani Hadzhibey. Iye anali pa malo a Odessa ano. Pali ziphunzitso zambiri za chiyambi cha dzinalo. Ambiri mwina zifuma ku m'chilankhulo cha Chitata, amene onyamula anali wongosamukasamuka wa Nogai gulu. fuko limeneli unagawanika kuchokera ake "golide" mnansi. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, Hadzhibey anatuluka ngati oyimitsira ya Polish ndi amalonda Chilituyaniya kukhazikitsa maulalo ndi Italy.

Mokomera chiphunzitso Chitata akuti kuli Nogai Khan Kachibeya. Iye analamulira pano mpaka 1362 mpaka agonjetsedwa ndi Chilituyaniya Duke Algirdas pa Blue Madzi. dzina lake anali consonant ndi dzina la mudzi.

Chilituyaniya olemba yemweyo ananena kuti kuthetsa linakhazikitsidwa ndi Duke Vytautas, anatumiza pano Kotsyubeev wolemekezeka banja. Lang'anani, kutchula koyamba za Hadzhibey kunayamba chaka 1413. Ilo liri mu hayala wa Polish mfumu Jagiello, amene anapereka gombe la Black Sea Svidrigaylo m'manja wake. Koma ngakhale ndiye, chikoka Chilituyaniya zedi chinafoka nkhondo ndi Tartars. Komabe, sanaleke Hadzhibey anakumana pachimake, zokhudzana kusinthanitsa ndi Italy. Choncho katundu wa mchere kawirikawiri opangidwa ku madipoziti m'deralo.

bwinja Hadjibeyan

M'zaka za m'ma XV Turkey anagonjetsa Constantinople ndi anadzatchedwa kuti Istanbul. Kudzera anagona okha njira nyanja ku Nyanja Black kwa azungu. Sultan analamula kuti Levy misonkho lalikulu kudutsa zombo za ku Italy kapena adzawonongedwa amene ankakana kupereka msonkho. Chifukwa cha ichi, uthenga ndi amalonda Western anali wolambira Mulungu.

Pamene Turkey anagonjetsa Krymskoe Hanstvo Chitata anaukira kunachitidwa ndi malo tsopano ayima Odessa. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo Hadzhibey potsiriza sanali kumusamalira.

Yeni Dunya

Kupitiriza mbiri ya Odessa, monga m'zaka XVIII Turkey anayamba kumanga linga la Eni-Dunja (dzina akhoza likumasuliridwa kuti "New World"). M'malo mwake, iwo okha kubwezeretsedwa bwinja la nyumba yachifumu akale. Kenako mu 1766, Russian nzeru kapitawo Ivan Islenyev ananamizira ngati wamalonda anapita Yeni Dunja ndipo anatumizidwa ku St. Petersburg zokhudza kukwezedwa latsopano. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti linga inamangidwa kumalo kumene lero ili ndi Primorsky Boulevard (mumzinda).

deta awa ali othandiza zaka zingapo, pamene yotsatira Chirasha Turkey nkhondo (1768 - 1774). asilikali Russian Anapempha thandizo Edisanskoy khamu kuyendayenda pakati pa Dniester ndi Kumwera Bug, ndi n'loopsa ndi mpanda wolimba kwambiri. Zaporizhzhya Cossacks anayesanso analanda kulimbitsa kangapo. Pomaliza, iwo anamuphera 1774, koma dziko posakhalitsa anasaina pakati mphamvu, ndi Yeni Dunya inakhalanso gawo la Turkey.

Posachedwa Catherine II anathetsa Sich, ndi ena Cossacks anakakhala pafupi Yeni Dunja, malinga ndi pangano ndi Sultan. emigration Izi a Russian analola kuti mudziwe kwambiri wathunthu ndi zolondola zimene zinachitika mu Gulf.

Mumpanda Hadjibeyan Russia

History of Odessa anapitiriza Patapita zaka zingapo, pamene nkhondo yatsopano ndi Turkey (1787 - 1792). Yomweyo anagwada pamalo abwino zofunika Ochakov, dislocation la zombo ndi Sultan linasamutsidwira gombe Hadjibeyan.

Mu 1789, mzindawu m'manja asilikali Russian, amene m'dera limeneli analamula Ivan Gudovich. ngwazi ina akanthe anakhala Ataman Anton Golovaty. Pangano la Jassy watsimikizira udindo watsopano wa kukagawira. Pa nthawiyi, munkakhala anthu ambiri motley: .. Turkey, Agiriki, Ayuda, Russian, etc. Choncho, poyamba atapereka mwatsatanetsatane kuthetsa mpanda wolimba amalinyero a zombo Mediterranean.

XIX atumwi

Komabe, Mfumukazi abverana kuti amange mzinda watsopano kuti adzakhale nawo pa mzere motetezera Dniester. Iye anali kuteteza Russia pa malo malire ndi Bessarabia, umene panthawi imeneyo unali m'manja Turkey. woyang'anira ntchito yomanga anaikidwa wotchuka Russian mkulu Alexander Suvorov. Maziko a mzinda mwalamulo zinachitika June 7, 1794. Dzina wamakono wa Odessa, iye anafika mu miyezi ingapo. Iwo anachokera ku dzina la mmodzi wa madera Greek mu Bay lapansi. Malo yabwino komanso moyo wamtendere asiya midzi yaing'ono mofulumira kukhala mu mzinda yaikulu ya atumwi XIX.

Kuti centenary wake (1894), Odessa unali mzinda chachinayi yaikulu kwambiri ku Russian Ufumu (pambuyo St. Petersburg, Moscow ndi Warsaw). anthu ake okhala 400,000. Iwo anali malo a malonda, sayansi ndi malonda. Pa yemweyo mu nyengo, pamene panali amphamvu achifumu mphamvu, magawo atatu a anthu Odessa anali kutali kuchokera pa chiyambi Russian. Amene chabe kulibe: Ayuda (mu dziko iwo anali wofooka wa Kwawokhawokha), French, Moldavians, Germany, Agiriki ...

Mu zaka zoyambilira za Odessa anamva chisoni kwambiri, monga mliri mliriwo. Komabe, mitundu yonse ya mavuto ndi mavuto kuti zagonjetsedwa, kuphatikizapo mwa Bwanamkubwa utsogoleri luso Arman Richelieu (French dziko). Pansi pake mzinda inamangidwa kuchokera zikande amisiri kwambiri mu dziko.

The nkhondo mu Crimea mu 50s za m'ma XIX anayankha ananenedwa pano. Odessa mwachidule anaonekera anatseka misewu ya. Mu April 1854 mzindawo anatuluka pansi moto squadron ngalawa British ndi French.

Nkhondo ya XX atumwi

Pa World nkhondo II Odessa chinaperekedwa ku shelling ndi Germany ndi Austrians. Nkhondo yapachiweniweni kunabuka Russia anatsogolera chakuti mzindawu ndi kuchuluka yaikulu nthawi wadutsa kuchokera ku dzanja m'manja. Iye anali mu German-Austria utakhala ndi anakhala mbali ya dongosolo losiyana boma, lomwe anapanga ndi "palokha" Ukraine. Pomaliza, boma Soviet udzakhazikitsidwe yekha mu 1920, pamene mzinda nyanja Black analowa asilikali motsogozedwa Kotovsky.

Ndipo tsopano latsopano vuto - Wamkulu zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. Kuyambira chotsatira chitetezo wa Odessa. masiku 73 (kuchokera August 5 October 16, 1941) ndi zokometsera bwinobwino unachitikira pa asilikali German. gulu "South" anayesa anagumula njira kuti doko, m'malo mopitiriza, monga mwa dongosolo "Blitzkrieg", kayendedwe kum'mawa. Pamene asilikali Soviet atamenya mabusa kudutsa Bay kwa achoke ogwira mtima a kuchuluka kwa anthu wamba zinthu zamtengo wapatali za luso, zipangizo mafakitale zinachitikadi, ndi zina zotero. D.

asilikali komanso anabwerera mwadongosolo. M'madera ambiri anatumizidwa ku Crimea, kumene nawo chitetezo cha Sevastopol. Mu Odessa, pa ntchito German analengedwa mobisa, omwe apambana pokana ankhondowo. ntchito Covert wochitidwa ndi odzipereka, apha za 3 zikwi Germany ali ndinkakhala nalo mumzinda.

Soviet Odessa

Pambuyo chigonjetso cha nthawi ya Soviet zinali zodzaza ndi kukula kwa makampani ndi maphunziro mu mzinda. Zinali zazikulu Black Sea doko. Pa m'deralo filimu situdiyo nyenyezi mafilimu tingachipeze powerenga ndi mndandanda (mwachitsanzo, okondedwa ndi ambiri ndipo tsopano ndi lodabwitsa Stanislav Govorukhin "Msonkhano Place sizingasinthidwe").

Mu nthawi ya Soviet Odessa anali kupereka mutu "Hero City". Iye anali mmodzi mwa anthu zopalira seveni za aulemu. Okumbukira wamagazi ndi amunamuna chitetezo, amene anapha anthu 15,000, chikumbukiro zovuta linatsegulidwa, Green lamba wa Ulemerero ndi maofesi ena memorabilia.

"Ndinu ochokera ku Odessa, chidole, ndipo zikutanthauza ..."

Mu Odessa anabadwa ambiri otchuka. Ngakhale kwambiri ku likulu la nthabwala adza kwa apaulendo, alendo ndi Amateurs a holide wabwino. Kumene, m'nkhani yochepa zovuta mayina a anthu onse otchuka amene Caledonia ndi kunyumba mzinda, kotero ife asagwiritse kutengerapo chidwi kwambiri. Choncho, nzika wotchuka wa Odessa:

• Woimba L.Utesov;
• poetess Anna Akhmatova;
• olemba Ilf I., V. Kataev, Olesha;
• Marshall L. Malinowski;
• submariner Alexander Marinesco;
• Soviet nzeru wothandizila Nikolai Geft;
• akuluakulu upandu bwana Mishka Jap;
• TV presenter, mtolankhani, woyimba Boris Burda;
• cosmonaut Dobrowolski;
• satirists R. Karcev ndi M. Zhvanetskiy ndi ena ambiri.

Modern Odessa ndi miyambo

Ndi kugwa kwa Soviet Union ngwazi mzinda izo anakhala gawo la palokha Ukraine.

Odessa Tsiku pachikhalidwe chikondwerero ndipo adamsunga pa 2 September. Zimakhala likulu la zikondwelelo Primorsky Boulevard ndi Potemkin Mapazi. Awa ndi awiri odziwika bwino kwambiri chizindikiro cha mzinda. Pakatikati mbiri kutchulidwa ndi UNESCO ndi kutetezedwa ndi kusamalidwa ngati apadera cholowa chikhalidwe cha mibadwo yapita. Tsiku Odessa pachikhalidwe umatha ndi nyimbo Gala, zikondwerero ndi makombola.