Ancient Palestine: m'mbiri, chikhalidwe ndi miyambo. Foinike ndi Palestine

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti anagonjetsa mafuko Ayuda mochedwa chachiwiri Zakachikwi BC ndi kupeza mbiri olembedwa a Palestine wakale anali gawo pamene zizindikiro za anthu azikhalamo anapezeka zaka zikwi mazana asanu BC. Pamaziko a pamapale omwe anapezeka mafupa, zida zopangidwa mwala, magulu a zomangamanga, maliro, asayansi anatulukira kuti nyama ndi kusonkhanitsa m'chigawo unayamba pafupifupi miliyoni 0,6 zaka zapitazo, ndipo kenako kenako kupanga zida zopangidwa timiyala, akanadulidwa. Kenako anthu a dera ili ndi katswiri njira ya zinthu yopanga ndi akuigwiritsa ndi zisamayoyoke flakes, pang'ono adakula zokolola za ntchito mu masiku amenewo.

Kuyambira nyama komanso kukafufuza moyo mzinda

History of Palestine Ancient pamaso script adzagaŵikana, kawirikawiri mu magawo atatu. Woyamba, umene unatha 10 Zakachikwi BC, zikusonyeza kuti anthu m'dera lino anali makamaka nawo kusonkhana ndi kusaka. Mu nthawi ya 10 000 - 5300 zaka BC, anthu ambiri a kumayiko Palestina katswiri ulimi, kenako - anasamukira ku mizinda nyengo, amene anali yodziwika ndi zikamera wa malonda, midzi yokhazikika, kuteteza watsopanowo asilikali. Kulemba mwambo wotchuka anayamba apa 2 zikwi. BC.

Ancient Palestine N'zochititsa chidwi kuti m'gawo lake kwa zaka zikwi zisanu ndi zitatu Khristu asanabwere, titero "yekha" panali mzinda wa Yeriko. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mizinda yakale pa dziko, inali mamita 260 pansi pa nyanja (malo otsikitsitsa). Alendowa wake woyamba analibe mbiya, koma sadatha kulima minda ndi anamanga mozungulira makoma a miyala akhakula, moyo pa nthawi yomweyo mu nyumba za zidina. Natufiytsy (monga iwo amatchedwa asayansi) anaonekera chifukwa cha kuyanjana ndi Negro-Australoids Europeoids. Iwo ankakhala ku Yeriko mu 8-9 Zakachikwi BC. Pambuyo pawo, m'dera wotanganidwa ndi nthumwi tahunian - mafuko, kale kukhala mbiya. mtundu uwu likulu la Palestine wakale mobwerezabwereza kuwonongedwa, kuphatikizapo mwa dongosolo la Yoswa kumayambiriro 12 m'ma BC.

m'matauni Palestina osati phata la chitukuko umodzi Kale

Kumapeto kwa wachinayi Zakachikwi BC ku Palestine anayamba kuoneka yaing'ono mzinda boma, ndithu wolemera chifukwa chakuti m'dera limeneli pali zambiri zamalonda, yolumikiza Ulaya, Asia ndi Africa. Komanso, anthu a ku Palestina kumtunda okha angathe kupereka mankhwala ndi zikufunika kwambiri. Amenewa anali mchere ndi phula ku Nyanja Yakufa, antimony ku Levant ndi, balms ku Galileya, mkuwa, ndi miyala ya nofeki ku Sinai, azitona, vinyo, ziweto ndi ulimi. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Palestine wakale anayamba timakhala malonda pakati pa zigawo, koma sanakhale likulu la chitukuko, mosiyana Egypt, Syria ndi kumpoto kwa Mesopotamiya, kumene kunali pafupi ufumu. Mu madera Palestina kuti kale kunali midzi, ngati mizinda akale a ku Ulaya, koma mosiyana Egypt, panalibe umodzi olembedwa chinenero ndi mfumu m'malo amphamvu amene akhoza pogwirizanitsa osiyana mabungwe utsogoleri mu ulamuliro wake.

ndi mizinda pa nthawi imeneyo wogwidwa Palestine chiyani? The dziko lapansi lakale, anatsegula asayansi pa zofukulidwa mu zaka mazana makumi awiri, anali patsogolo kwambiri chifukwa nthawi yake. Makamaka, ngakhale Neolithic Asikeloni sikunachitekepo chiwerengero mafupa nyama anapezeka, zimene zikusonyeza kuti mwina linali malo yaikulu ya slaughterhouse akale amene amapangidwa nyama ndi mchere ndi Dead Sea salt. Total malo opezeka izi wosanjikiza chikhalidwe cha mamita 16 wandiweyani. Ndi phunziro lake adapeza kuti mwa mzinda uwu kupita ku Igupto ndi Ahiti, ndipo kenako mu Rome ndi Greece, njira ya Ufumu Parthian ku Egypt. Pafupi kuthetsa lalikulu anatuluka "njira ya zofukiza" ku Arabia ndi "njira ya zonunkhira" wa Nabataeans mu Petra ndi kudzera Eilat iemenskie madoko ya Indian Ocean. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mzinda adafunafuna kugwila aliyense amene anabwera kwa mayiko Palestina.

M'dera Palestine mobwerezabwereza otchulidwa m'Baibulo

Kodi midzi anali akadali odziwika m'nthawi Palestine wakale? Phunziro 5 kalasi kusukulu, mungafune yothandiza zambiri pa midzi monga Gaza ndi Asidodi. Gaza ndi imodzi mwa mizinda yakale mu dziko , Part a Afilisti Pentapolis (anakhazikitsidwa mu 3 zikwi BC.) - midzi isanu, anthu Afilisti, amene poyamba yekha mu Middle East anali chitsulo luso yadothi ndi zathandiza nkhondo. Baibulo limatchula Gaza nthawi zoposa makumi awiri. Mzinda wa ku Palestine, Asidodi, anali kuli anthu ngakhale mu BC 10 atumwi. The nyumba woyamba pa malo a m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri BC, ndipo woyamba kutchulidwa olembedwa - m'zaka za m'ma 14 BC. Asidodi wakhala lalikulu malonda Pamudzi, womwe anatenga Akanani, Afilisti, Asuri, Aigupto, ndi ena.

An mfundo zosangalatsa za zimayambitsa kusamuka m'mayiko Palestina mu 2 zikwi. BC. e.

Ancient Palestine (5 sukulu ndi chodziwikiratu kuti tiyanjane ndi mfundo zoterezi) kuchokera lachitatu Zakachikwi BC anaonekera kwa utuluke kwambiri m'dziko. Asayansi ena yopeka (Zecharia Sitchin, makamaka) mukuganiza kuti kusamuka kwa anthu kuchokera m'chipululu cha kumadzulo ndi kumpoto kum'mawa akhoza zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kufanana zida za nyukiliya mu 2048 BC m'dera la Sinai ena chitukuko patsogolo kwambiri. Unachititsa cheza kuipitsidwa alili ndi funde lalikulu la kusamuka (kuda anachoka pa mmene zotheka ya Sinai monga sintered pa kutentha apamwamba timiyala). Makamaka, m'dziko la Palestina anabwera mafuko ambiri Hyksos (mwina inali kucheza amalekitov, hannaneev, huritov ndi mafuko ena woyendayendawu), amene anali ndi ngolo ndi asilikali zosavuta anagonjetsa Egypt ndi Palestine, amene m'masiku amenewo analibe asilikali apakavalo.

Zinthu si achilendo kwa nthawi ya nyumba ndi kumathandiza kupeza ngodya ziwiri

Onani kuti mbiri isanayambe wakale chikhalidwe Palestina wolemera zinsinsi ofukula zinthu zakale. Makamaka, asayansi apeza mu zigawo a Middle Paleolithic, tsamba, osiyana kwambiri mawu luso m'thupi waukulu zida kuti anali phanga anthu m'deralo. Kodi iwo anafika kumeneko ndipo n'chifukwa mofulumira anazimiririka ku kufalitsidwa, ikhala chinsinsi lero. Kuphunzira momwe anakonza Ancient Palestine (5 sukulu), n'zotheka kuti Atchule ophunzira kuti mmene midzi yakale zinamangidwa m'deralo. Pali poyamba anali apse kunyumba (ndi chimodzi yokhota kumapeto mpanda, ankatsutsa kukhoma ndi ngodya ziwiri). Mu zipinda angapo nyumba kumene kuli anthu, nthawi molumikizana ndi ng'ombe ndi m'matangadza chakudya.

Mu nyengo ina ya wolemera anayamba kumanga yosanjikizana amakona anayi nyumba, komwe eni moyo pansi chachiwiri ndi pansi anali kukhetsedwa, nyumba yosungiramo katundu, chipinda chodyeramo. m'nyumba m'mizinda okha sizinakukwanire - kwambiri m'dera m'tawuni ali wotanganidwa ndi makoma, nyumba onse, monga mipingo, misewu inali yaing'onoing'ono. Apa kuli anthu ambiri ndi m'misili, otchuka, asilikali, amalonda, pamene anthu wamba anakhala kunja kwa mpanda wa mzinda, mu Selishche.

akachisi awo anali ofanana ndi Mesopotamiya

Kukhalapo ku midzi (Megido, Gai, Beth Dzheharov, Beti-Shan) nyumba yaikulu zatsalira, ufikira makumi a mamita m'litali, ndi mizati, m'mabwalo, nthawi zambiri lotengeka mwa "kum'mawa mpaka kumadzulo", analola kuvomereza akatswiri kuti anthu a Palestine mu Kale ankalambira milungu (akachisi ofanana akachisi Mesopotamiya a Baala-Dagoni mu dongosolo). Koma zofukulidwa mu mizinda sanapeze chilichonse maguwa kufanana ndi chipembedzo. Choncho, akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti "akachisi" chabe nkhokwe. Ancient Palestine anakumana nawo masiku oyambirira a nkhondo ya anthu amene anasiya kufufuza mu chikhalidwe chake mu mawonekedwe a zoumbaumba yeniyeni (seroloschenoy) ndi chimbalangondo (sitingachisonyeze kumene) mwala Mtondo ndi munsi, anthu atsopano pafupifupi konse ntchito zida zopangidwa fupa kapena mwala . Chotengeka chikhalidwe cha m'dera lino ndi mnansi wamphamvu - Iguputo, kumene, mwinamwake, anabwera "mafashoni" pa zotengera za wofiira mbiya ndi cholembera, pa phesi yopapatiza.

Mu Palestine wakale anali chifanizo wosasintha

An boma wakale Palestine anapeza poyamba ake olembedwa za lachiwiri Zakachikwi BC, ndi kalata ntchito kwa zithunzi. chiwerengero cha anthu otchulidwa ntchito m'gulu mosiyanasiyana zojambula, mwachitsanzo, mtanda ndi chifaniziro cha munthu kuika osiyana. Nthawi zambiri chizindikiro anapanga pa zotengera, amene katundu zoyendera. Koma mitundu ina, analemba za dera limeneli zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu Igupto, m'zaka makumi awiri chachinayi BC anaonekera chizindikiro choyamba cha nkhondo ku Suriya ndi ku Palestina dera (motsogozedwa ndi mkulu Pansi). Magwero hannaneyskih, dera limeneli amatchedwa, motero, Kanani. About Palestine (Syria Palestine) analemba m'mabuku ake Herodotus, ndi kumene dera limeneli mobwerezabwereza otchulidwa zikalata achipembedzo, kuphatikizapo Baibulo.

Pakati pa wachiwiri Zakachikwi BC, mwina Foinike ndi Palestine (pafupifupi mwathunthu), anthu Akanani (kuphatikizapo Afilisti), ndi mafuko amonitskie, anali phunziro kwa kuukira kwa anthu woyendayendawu Habiru (Ibra, makolo a Aheberi), amene awo onse pang'onopang'ono katswiri amangokhala. Pakati pawo panali kalasi stratification kuti idzam'patsa ndi mamembala amphamvu zonena anthu kukhala atsogoleri amene anayamba anapeza yaing'ono m'madera onsewo motsutsa likhale chikoka zikutha a ufumu wa zaka zapitazo maziko a chitukuko cha kuphana malonda ndi nkhondo zonse (Egypt). Atsogoleri a mabungwe awa anayamba kugwirizanitsa gawo owazungulira. Choncho, m'madera amenewa, panalibe ufumu wa Isiraeli Mfumu Sauli, amene anadzakhala United Kingdom a Isiraeli ndi Yuda (pansi mafumu Davide ndi Solomo). Iwo ndisungunuka Solomo atamwalira, ndipo pang'ono imene Asuri anagonjetsa mfumu Sarigoni II.

M'dera limeneli, mulibe mpumulo kwa zaka

History of Ancient Palestine mu Zakachikwi lotsatira chikugwirizana ndi kumenyana zonse zofuna osiyana, chikhalidwe, mitundu ndi mayiko amene alipo lero, popanda kuwonjezera bata ndi mtendere m'chigawochi. Mwachitsanzo, Asuri kusiya mochedwa mu chiwiri m'ma BC. e. Ayuda anayesa kuti abwererane ndi madera Palestina, koma m'malo timakalandira kenako anaukira ndi Mfumu Nebukadinezara ndi kulandidwa likulu lawo ndi zina zotero. Ndi anthu a m'mayiko amenewa mobwerezabwereza kubedwa mu ukapolo (Babulo, Iguputo), koma nthawi zonse kubwerera kumeneko.

Kusiyana pakati pa Palestine ndi Foinike

Foinike ndi Palestine, ngakhale zikuchokera ofanana akukhala m'mayiko awo ndi moyandikana, ndi ena peculiarities aliyense gawo. Mwachitsanzo, Foinike sanakhalepo ndi lalikulu zaulimi, koma anali ndi lalikulu malonda doko mzinda kumene yaitali anayamba seamanship (asilikali ndiponso anthu wamba). panyanja kwambiri, ku Foinike, kupereka katundu ku Iguputo, nthawi akugwa pansi pa gori la ufumu wakale (pakati pa wachiwiri Zakachikwi BC, mwachitsanzo). Kenako anayamba malonda ndi Krete, yomwe pa nthawiyo yaikulu nkhokwe mkuwa.

Foinike mzinda-limati amapangidwa zouma, vinyo, mafuta, anali woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito akapolo bwato mu galleys lapansi. Izo zinayambira mu dera kulemba dongosolo alifabeti zochokera hieroglyphics Iguputo, amene anapereka pambuyo chiyambi cha zilembo Greek. m'gawo Foinike mu 12 m'ma BC anali wokhoza kuti adziimire paokha ku Egypt ndipo anayamba mwa kulamulira zinthu zina. Wolimba mumzindawo anapita kuyenda panyanja ndipo anayambitsa mzinda Mwachitsanzo, mu Carthage, ndi kuthetsa ku Malta ndi Sardinia.

Baibulo ambiri opezeka mitsuko m'nthawi yakaleyo

Pa m'dziko la Isiraeli, Ayuda Palestine umanena ndi nkhani m'Baibulo, amene anapereka dziko chipembedzo chatsopano - Christianity. Ndipo ndi kugombe la Nyanja Yakufa, m'madera ozungulira Wadi Qumran mipukutu yakale Qumran m'mapanga a Palestine anapezeka. zikalata awa, m'mipukutu yakale ya Baibulo lonse, losindikizidwa mu mitsuko, mwangozi anapeza m'busa. Popeza mipukutu khungu anali zosafunika kwa kupanga nsapato, mbusa wawo anali kwa kanthawi hema wake wam'mahema, ndi kugulitsidwa kwa pittance mu Betelehemu mu 1947. Asayansi apeza kuti zolembedwa wapatali kwa chikhalidwe padziko anapanga anthu opembedza wa Aesene mu BC atumwi. Zikuphatikizapo pafupifupi onse mabuku a Chipangano Chakale, ndi angapo zikalata akuthandiza.