Voivod - Voivod ndi ... Russian

Voivod - ndi mfundo zovuta, ndi mbali ziwiri: a "kuchema" - "khamu" ndi "madzi" - "mtsogoleri wa dalaivala." M'chizungumo, timapeza "dalaivala wa asilikali."

Mawu "kazembe" - Asilavo, mu Latin izo limafanana dux, ndi German - Herzog. Pa nthawi ya wakale Asilavo moyo ndinali makamaka usilikali ndipo ankakonda kusankha atsogoleri pa Komiti mafuko mwambo nkhondo. Pamene inatha, mphamvu ya oweruza inaima.

accretion mphamvu

M'zaka za m'ma 17 panali kuopseza chizindikiro cha Asilavo ya Baltic ndi Western, monga ngozi lurked ku kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zosiyanasiyana, choncho boma anthu zasintha pang'ono.

Voivod boma la Russia ndi tsopano osati asilikali, komanso boma ndi wauzimu. atsogoleri a fuko anaonekera, "vladavtsy" otchedwa "Mtsogoleri Wamkulu", iwo anachita ntchito ya Chief Jasitisi ndi ansembe. Pa nthawi Asilavo ambiri amatchedwa "kazembe" anali lidzasinthidwa maganizo "Prince." Nthawi yeniyeni ya aliyense wa iwo anali ankhondo ake omwe ndi kazembe. Zinali munthu akuchita ntchito ya nkhondo asilikali, ndi kuyang'anira zosiyanasiyana milandu mtendere boma.

Pamene anatsimikizira autocracy asilikali regimental yoikidwiratu yekha Moscow mafumu. Khoswe unagawidwa regiments 5, lotsogoledwa ndi malamulo umodzi kapena kuposerapo. Chief akuti mutu wa Regiment lalikulu. Anathandiza oweruza clerks amene anachita kalembera ndipo anali wotuluka ndalama. Pambuyo pa mliri wa maudani, kunali kofunika kuonanso amuna ankhondo onse a m'mabuku, komanso kulenga atsopano a Nsanja zolondola malipiro ndalama. Mutu wa kazembe asilikali linathetsedwa pansi Peter Wamkulu, anachoka kumeneko anali anthu wamba chabe.

Kusintha kwa maganizo

M'zaka za m'ma 16 panali kusintha yaing'ono. akuluakulu inkatchedwa pachaka kuyambira yoikidwiratu chaka chotsatira - wapolisi. M'zaka za m'ma 17 panali oyamba onse a positi. Mu Nthawi ya Mavuto pali kufunika mu ulamuliro wa asilikali kuti mzinda uliwonse komanso bungwe lolamulira kwa Moscow ndi zigawo, amene ali ndi mphamvu pa magulu onse a chikhalidwe. Childs akutumiza kazembe oposa angapo (wachiwiri ndi wachitatu voevody) clerks ndi. Pa kutaya kazembe anali mbali yaikulu ya Boma la ulamuliro m'deralo. ntchito zawo monga anapereka wa makamu, amvekere malipilo ndalama kapena mkate, kugwira akuba, ndi wolanda, othawa kwawo. Iwo anali kusamala ndi moto, miliri younikira masewera oletsedwa ndi masewera, zinayambitsa kugawanika, kutsatira abusa ndi atsogoleri a chipembedzowo cha kudzacheza mpingo. Voivod - ndi zinthu zina, woweruza. Iye anaganiza milandu yapachiweniweni mpaka 100, ndipo kenako kwa rubles 500. Anthu amene akuluakulu analibe mphamvu, anatumizidwa ku Moscow. Kuphedwa ndi zambiri osati mbali ya lamulo, koma ena anapatsidwa ndi ufulu umenewu. utumiki Provincial anali mpikisano kwambiri, "kudziletsa kutumikira". Ichi chinali chifukwa nthawi yake yochepa: utumiki The unakhala kwa chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri ndipo nthawi zina atatu.

Chiyembekezo chakuti a kazembe

Mu 1775 udindo wa abwanamkubwa kunatha. Voivodship maofesi, unachitikira iwo kuchokera nthawi ya Peter, anali chatsekedwa. Mu Poland Komabe, positi analipo kufikira ku mapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18.

Voivod Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky

Kuyambira 1543 Vorotynsky yoikidwiratu mkulu mu mzinda wa Belev. Anadziwika pa kuukira Sahib Giray, Crimea Khan. Izi zinachitika mu 1541. nkhondo kunachitika kumayambiriro a Oka. Onse ankafuna kudutsa ku mbali ina anali pachabe, monga bwino inkatetezedwa ndi asilikali Russian. Sahib Giray anaganiza kuyesera kuti aswe mothandizidwa ndi likubwerali Turkey zida zankhondo. Chitata anatsegula mizinga ikulira ndipo anayamba kuwoloka mtsinje, koma anaimitsidwa ndi asilikali Russian amene anafika pambuyo pake, ndipo Crimea Khan anakakamizika kusiya nagonjetsa. Sahib Giray kusintha kumene kuukira ndipo anasamukira asilikali Pronsk. Kuukira anayamba pa August 3. City shelled, koma anakwanitsa kuteteza. Tsiku lotsatira, Khan anasamukira ku steppe lapansi. Iwo anathamangitsa Michael Vorotynsky abale Vladimir ndi Alexander. Chifukwa cha kampeni awo anamukwiyira atsekerezedwa zinenero 45 - azondi amene anawatumiza kuti Moscow. Mu 1551, Mikhail Ivanovich analandira udindo wa "atumiki achifumu", ndipo chaka chamawa adzakhala kumathandiza kwambiri pamene anagonjetsa wa Kazan Khanate. Mu May 1566 Ivan Grozny Vorotynsky ndipereka Mulingo wa boyar.

Pretich

Wina woimira odziwika izi wakale Russian officio kazembe Pretich. Anayamba kuyenda ndi brigade kuthandiza Mfumukazi Olga mu Kiev kuzinga mu 968. Iwo Pretich mtendere ndi Pecheneg Khan.

Pomaliza, tiyenera mwachidule zomwe zanenedwa. Choncho, kazembe - ndi akulu, kazembe mwa anthu Asilavo. History wadziwa ochuluka a mamembala anzeru ndi wodzipereka kwa udindo uwu. Mawu "Kazembe" imene ili lofanana - "wolamulira", Tikamayanjana ndi zamphamvu ndi chachimuna. Kenako, udindo uwu linathetsedwa, ndipo lero tikhoza kulankhula za lingaliro ili kokha mbali mbiri.