Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna: yonena, zithunzi

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna. dzina bwino kwa aliyense. Koma ambiri kumbukirani yekha kuti iye anali mkazi Vladimira Ilicha Lenina. Inde, ndi zoona. Komanso Krupskaya anali wandale kwambiri ndi mphunzitsi nthawi yake.

ubwana

Tsiku la kubadwa kwake - February 14, 1869. banja Nadezhda Konstantinovna ndi a gulu la olemekezeka osauka. Atate Constantine Ignatievich, msilikali wakale (msilikali), anali wothandiza mfundo kunachitika-demokalase nawo mfundo za okonza chiwembu Polish. Koma osati makamaka kusamalira, kotero Krupskaya moyo chabe, wopanda frills moyo wa banja. Bambo ake anamwalira mu 1883, pamene Hope anali wachinyamata. Boma kumbuyo mkazi wake ndi mwana Konstantin Ignatievich sanasiye koma ngakhale kusowa ndalama, mayi wake, Elizabeth V., nthawi zonse azungulira mwana wamkazi wa chikondi, kukoma ndi chisamaliro.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna anaphunzira pa masewera olimbitsa thupi. Obolensky, pamene iye analandira maphunziro yapamwamba pa nthawi imeneyo. Mayi alibe okha ufulu wake, kukhulupirira kuti aliyense ayenera kusankha njira zake. Elizabeth V. unali wodzipereka kwambiri, koma powona kuti mwana si kukopeka chipembedzo, sichoncho akopeke, ndi kulikakamizira chikhulupiriro. Mayi ankakhulupirira kuti copezela cimwemwe zitha kukhala munthu amene adzakonda ndi chifuniro kuteteza mwana wake.

achinyamata

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna mwana, pambuyo sukulu ku sekondale, mowirikiza ndinkadabwa za chilungamo chimene chinayambira padziko. mwankhanza ake anakwiya wa ufumu, akamenyane ndi anthu wamba, kuwabweretsa iwo chisoni, kupweteka.

Iye anapeza ogwirizana mu bwalo Marxist. Kumeneko, kuphunzira ziphunzitso za Marx, iwo anazindikira kuti njira kuthetsa mavuto onse a boma, imodzi yokha - ulimi ndi chikominisi.

Wambiri Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya, ngati moyo wake wonse tsopano inextricably zogwirizana ndi maganizo a Marxism. Kuti iwo apeza njira yake mopitirira mu moyo.

Iwo ankaphunzitsa proletariat kuti ufulu madzulo Sunday sukulu, ogwira afika kwa ena kudziwa. The sukulu anali patali mokwanira kupitirira Nevskaya Zastava, koma kodi kuwopsyeza ndi wosachiritsika ndi mtima Hope. Apo iye osati ophunzitsidwa ogwira ntchito kulemba ndi masamu, komanso ankalimbikitsa Marxism mwachangu nawo m'gulu la mabwalo ang'onoang'ono mu gulu limodzi. V. I. Lenin, amene anabwera St. Petersburg, anamaliza ndondomekoyi. Umu ndi momwe "League of Kulimbana yomasulira kalasi ntchito", pomwe Krupskaya unatenga malo chapakati.

Kuzolowerana ndi V. I. Leninym

Iwo anakumana pa chiyambi cha 1896 (February). Koma chidwi choyamba mu Hope Vladimir Ilyich sankafuna. Koma iye anayamba kucheza ndi womenyera ufulu wina, Apollinaria Yagubova. Pambuyo kulankhula naye kwa kanthawi, iye amadzinenera kuti Apollinaria maganizo, koma anakana. Lenin anali akazi chilakolako monga mfundo za utasintha. Choncho, chifukwa choti si kukhumudwa. A Hope, azungu ndi zambiri anamusilira sanakhulupirike wake maganizo chosintha, changu ndi utsogoleri makhalidwe ake. Iwo anayamba kulankhula zambiri. Phunziro kukambirana anali maganizo Marxist, maloto kusintha ndi chikominisi. Koma pa munthu ndi wolimba, iwo nthawi zina otchulidwa. Mwachitsanzo, akanadziwa kokha Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna mayi Vladimira Ilicha dziko. Ambiri Lenin ozungulira anabisa Swedish-German ndipo Ayuda mizu ya mayi.

Kumangidwa ndi ukapolo

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna anamangidwa mu 1897 limodzi ndi anthu ena angapo ukwati. Iye zaka zitatu anachotsedwa St. Petersburg. Poyamba, iye anali wandende Shushenskoye ili Siberia. Komanso nthawi imeneyo iye anali mu ukapolo ndi V. I. Lenin.

Iwo tinakwatirana mu July chaka cha 1898. Ukwati anali oposa wodzichepetsa. Kumene anasinthanitsa mphete, zopangidwa khobiri mkuwa. banja la mkwati anali ndi ukwati. Vladimira Ilicha achibale yomweyo ankadana wina wake wosankhidwa, poganizira kuti ndi youma, zomveka unemotional. zinthu anali kukula chifukwa chakuti Lenin ndi Krupskaya anali konse kuti ana. Koma Nadezhda anaika moyo wake wonse pa chikondi kwa mwamuna wake, kukhala bwenzi lake, mnzake ndi mnzake wokhulupirika. Iye pamodzi ndi Vladimirom Ilichem anaima pa chiyambi cha chikominisi ndi anali wakhama mu gulu la zochitika chipani, amaika mumsewu njira kuti zinthu zisinthe.

Mu ukapolo, Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna (onani chithunzi. Wotsika kuposa unyamata wake) analemba buku lake loyamba. Iwo ankatchedwa "akazi ogwira ntchito". Mu ntchito iyi zinapatsira ndi maganizo a Marxism limatiuza za akazi ntchito, za nkobvuta moyo wake tsopano ndi mmene moyo, ngati izo zikanakhala zotheka kugonjetsa ufumu. Mu nkhani ya chigonjetso cha proletariat mkazi akuyembekezera kupulumuka ku chinyengo. wolemba anasankha pseudonym Sablin. Buku lofalitsidwa kunja mozemba.

emigration

Link anamaliza m'chaka cha 1901. chaka chatha izo Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna unachitikira Ufa, kuchokera kumanzere kwa mwamuna wake. V. I. Lenin panthawi imeneyo anali kunja. Mkazi namtsata. Kunja chipani sanaleke ntchito. Krupskaya wakhala akufunafuna mwakhama misonkhano yokopa ntchito, kugwira ntchito mu ofesi ya Mlembi odziwika Bolshevik mabuku ( "Forward", "Antchito")

Pamene ulimi wa 1905-1907., Banjali anabwerera ku St. Petersburg, kumene Nadezhda amakhala mlembi wa komiti ya chipani Central.

Popeza 1901, Vladimir Ilyich anayamba lowani ntchito zawo kusindikizidwa pseudonym Lenin. Ngakhale mbiri ya dzina lake, monga onse a moyo, yofunika kwambiri nyimbo ndi mkazi - Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna. Dzina lenileni la "mtsogoleri" - Ulyanov - pa nthawi imeneyo kale anali wodziwika mabwalo boma. Ndipo pamene iye anali kupita kudziko lina, ndiye, chifukwa cha maganizo ake pandale, panali nkhawa zolondola zokhudza issuance pasipoti ndi kusiya dziko. zokolola anapezeka ku zinthu mosayembekezera. Old bwenzi Krupskoy Olga Nikolaevna Lenin anamvera pempho thandizo. Iye lotengeka ndi malingaliro chikhalidwe-demokalase mobisa anatenga pasipoti bambo ake Nikolaya Egorovicha Lenina anathandiza akupeka ena deta (tsiku lobadwa). Ndi dzina ili Lenin namuka. Pambuyo nkhani imeneyi, alias ndipo anakhala naye moyo.

Moyo Paris

Mu 1909 banjali zokakhala ku Paris. Pali anadziwa Inessa Armand. Chiyembekezo ndi Inessa anali pang'ono ngati zilembo, onse motsimikiza ankatsatira malamulo Communist. Koma, mosiyana Krupskaya, Armand ali ndi makhalidwe amphamvu, ana ambiri, Hostess zodabwitsa, moyo kampani ndi kunyezimira kukongola.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna - chosintha kuti mafuta a m'mafupa. Koma iye anali mkazi wanzeru ndi tcheru. Ndipo ine ndikuzindikira kuti chidwi cha mwamuna wake Inessa kutali apita kuseri ntchito chipani. Adzazunzidwa, iye anapeza mphamvu kuvomereza mfundo imeneyi. Mu 1911, iye, kusonyeza munthu pazipita nzeru wamkazi, anandiuza kuti Vladimir Ilyich chilekano. Koma Lenin M'malo mwake, anasiya ubwenzi ndi Armand.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna anali zochitika ambiri phwando, ndipo panalibe nthawi nkhawa. Tamarayo kumizidwa mu ntchito. udindo wake m'gulu kulankhulana ndi mamembala mobisa phwando Russia. Iye mobisa akuwatumiza mabuku, ndipo anathandiza gulu la ntchito chosintha, anakoka comrades ku zokhumudwitsa ndi mphukira bungwe. Koma pamene ndi nthawi yambiri zoyenera kuphunzira pedagogy. Iye anali ndi chidwi maganizo Karla Marksa ndi Fridriha Engelsa mu dera la maphunziro. Anaphunzira gulu la maphunziro ku maiko a ku Ulaya monga France ndi Switzerland, muli nacho bwino ntchito za aphunzitsi aakulu a m'mbuyomu.

Mu 1915, Nadezhda wamaliza ntchito pa bukhu "Education ndi Democracy". Pakuti, iye wakhala akutama mwamuna wake. Izi woyamba ntchito Marxist, kumasulidwa ku cholembera cha Krupskaya, kuwauza za kufunika kwa maphunziro, ogwira ntchito wamba akhoza kupeza maphunziro Polytechnic. Bukhuli Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna (chithunzi nkhani zosiyanasiyana m'nkhani) analandira udindo wa dokotala wa sayansi pedagogical.

Bwererani ku Russia

Tikaonanso Russia zinachitika mu April 1917. Kumeneko, St. Petersburg, mukubwadamuka ndi mabodza misa ntchito amatenga nthawi zonse. Malankhulidwe pa mabizinezi a proletariat pa, mu misonkhanoyi ndi asilikali, gulu la misonkhano ya asilikali - izi ndi zinthu zikuluzikulu za Nadezhda Konstantinovna. Iwo kulimbikitsa Leninist mawu kulanda mphamvu zonse ku Russia, analankhula za kuthamangitsa Bolshevik Party kuukira zokomera.

Pa nthawi yovuta, pamene Lenin anakakamizidwa mu kubisala mu Gelsingorfse (Finland) ku chizunzo Provisional boma, Nadezhda, kumachita ngati wantchito, iye kudzamuyendera iye. Kudzera mwa iye, ndi komiti ya chipani cha ku Central walandira malangizo a mtsogoleri wawo, Lenin ndipo anaphunzira za zinthu kunyumba.

Krupskaya anali mmodzi wa okonza ndi ophunzira Great October Socialist utasintha, kukonzekera ake msanga m'chigawo Vyborg ndi Smolny.

Imfa ya V. I. Lenina

Ngakhale kuti ubale ndi Inessa Armand Lenin wong'ambika zaka zingapo zapitazo, malingaliro ake kwa iye ndipo sanali ukhale pansi. Koma ntchito kwa iye wakhala patsogolo zofunika kwambiri m'moyo wanu ndi ubale ndi Armand anachedwa ndi zina zochitika chipani, kotero iye sanapereke bondo wake.

Pamene Inessa anamwalira ndi chifuwa chachikulu mwadzidzidzi adamtsegulira, Lenin chidwi ndi izo. Kwa iye zinandipweteka weniweni. m'nthawi yake amati akakhumudwitsidwa kwambiri anakula thanzi lake ndi anafulumira ora la imfa. Lenin anakonda mkazi uyu ndi sakanakhoza kubwera kwa mawu ndi atanyamuka. Ana Armand anakhalabe mu France, ndi Lenin akufunsa mkazi wake kuti abwere nawo ku Russia. Ndithudi, iye sakanakhoza kukana mwamuna kufa. Iye anafa mu 1924. Ndipo pambuyo pa imfa yake, Krupskaya sunalinso chomwecho. Iye "mulungu" sanali yaitali, koma moyo popanda iye anatembenuka mu kukhalapo. Komabe, iye anapeza mphamvu kuchita ntchito zina kulimbikitsa maphunziro onse.

Commissariat anthu a maphunziro

Nadezhda ntchito pa Committee of Education yomweyo pambuyo zisinthe. Iye anapitiriza kulimbana kwa chilengedwe cha ntchito Ecole Polytechnique. Kulera ana mzimu wa chikominisi wakhala chapakati pa moyo wake.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna, amene chithunzi wazunguliridwa ndi apainiya ili pansipa, doted pa ana. Iye akana- chowapangitsa wosangalala.

Krupskaya nawonso anathandiza kwambiri kwa maphunziro a theka wamkazi wa anthu. Mwakhama kumafuna akazi nawo ntchito yomanga zokomera.

apainiya

Nadezhda anali mmodzi wa amene adayambitsa gulu la a Waupainiya, akupanga chopereka chachikulu chitukuko. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo sikuti mgwirizano zochita za bungwe, komanso kuchita nawo ntchito mwachindunji ndi ana. Iwo apainiya anacheza naye kuti wolemba autobiography. Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna, pamene yonena mwachidule ake mu "Moyo wanga", ndi kuyembekezera nawo kulemba ake. Anadzipereka ntchito imeneyi apainiya a dziko.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Nadezhda Konstantinovna Books pa pedagogy lero ndi phindu mbiri okha ofufuza anthu ochepa amene ali ndi chidwi maganizo a Bolsheviks pa mafunso a kulera ana. Koma chopereka weniweni wa Krupskaya m'mbiri ya dziko lathu kuti chilimbikitso komanso chithandizo izo wapereka mu moyo wa mwamuna wake Vladimiru Ilichu Leninu. Iye anali fano lake ndi mnzake. Iye anali iye "mulungu". Pambuyo pa imfa yake, Stalin anayamba kulamulira mu njira iliyonse munayesapo kuchotsa naye zandale. wamasiye Lenin anali naye munga diso, amene anayesa m'njira iliyonse kuti amuchotsepo. Izo zikanati yaikulu maganizo kuthamanga. Mu olimbikitsa mbiri, opangidwa ndi dongosolo la Stalin, izo molakwika ambiri mfundo za moyo wake, zonse zandale komanso umunthu. Koma sakanatha kusintha zinthu. Nadezhda anapempha aliyense m'manda mwamuna wake. Koma palibe anamva. Tikazindikira kuti thupi la wokondedwa Supeza wogoneka, ndipo iye konse pogona pafupi ndi iye, anasiya.

Care la Moyo wake unali wachilendo ndipo mwadzidzidzi. Iye analengeza chisankho chake kulankhula pa XVIII Congress wa Party. Palibe ankadziwa chimene icho chinali, iye ankafuna kunena m'mawu ake. Mwina, m'mawu ake, izo zikanakhoza kupweteka zofuna za Stalin. Mulimonse mmene zinakhalira, February 27, 1939 anamwalira. kutatsala masiku atatu chirichonse chimene chinali mwa dongosolo. Iye February 24 ndinkakhala nalo alendo. Nawo mabwenzi apamtima. Tinakhala kwa tebulo wodzichepetsa. Madzulo a tsiku lomwelo mwadzidzidzi anadwala. The dokotala, amene anafika maola atatu ndi theka, kamodzi anapezeka "pachimake appendicitis, peritonitis, thrombosis." Zinali bwino ntchito, koma si Mukalongosola zifukwa ndi ntchito si mwachita lero.