Kodi Njira Bologna. Njira Bologna: akamanena, kukhazikitsa ndi chitukuko Russia

The ndondomeko Bologna mu dongosolo maphunziro a Russian Federation - nkhani lomwe kuganizira ayenera kulankhula ndi view mbiri ya mapangidwe, kukhazikitsidwa ndi chitukuko cha maphunziro apamwamba kunja boma. Makamaka kumapeto kwa zaka mazana makumi awiri anali kwakukulukulu zoopsa kwa dongosolo Russia a maphunziro dziko, popeza pali kusintha kwakukulu pa mayiko onse popangidwa ndi nthawi ya sekondale nthawi imeneyi.

Contact mfundo ya maphunziro European ndi Russian

Reformation ndondomeko anali ndithu zachilengedwe ndi kuyembekezera, kuyambira kusintha kwa ndale, chuma ndi chikhalidwe muzochitika za moyo wa boma amayenera kutsogolera kwa kukonzanso ndi ena mu bwalo la maubale. masitepe zofunika mu malo oyamba ayenera zachitika zili ndi gawo methodical, osati pa mlingo maganizo. Mwachibadwa, kusintha kukuchitika ndipo anathandiza kuti wamakono wa dongosolo kasamalidwe mayunivesite, komanso kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo zogwirizana.

Mu kukhalapo ndi chitukuko cha Russia monga mphamvu logwirizana la kachitidwe kamakono European maphunziro ndi chitsanzo chabwino. Kwa nthawi yoyamba limagwirira wa ntchito kwa gawo maphunziro mu mayiko a World Old kumaonekera mabungwe zoweta maphunziro apamwamba pakati pa zaka za m'ma 18. Izi zikhoza kufotokoza maonekedwe kawirikawiri mwambo ku mayunivesite Russian, achilendo ku sukulu European. Kufanana akuwonetseredwa mu dongosolo ndi chitukuko zinthu, ndipo zili ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Ikulu udindo mu kukonzanso dongosolo maphunziro ankaimba latsopano ndondomeko mfundo yachilendo. Bologna maphunziro Inde kutenga ndi zomwe Russia wakhala zaka zambiri, State ena, anazindikira mphamvu patsogolo European monga bwenzi woyenera ofanana.

The kusintha kwa mlingo watsopano ndi zikamera a dongosolo Bologna

Ndi kugwa kwa USSR ndi Russian boma kusintha kwa msika chuma kasamalidwe kanthu kuonetsetsa kuti zoweta ndi achilendo amafuna ndodo mwaukadaulo aphunzitsidwa timagwira ntchito kwambiri ndi kusuntha kwa kukhazikitsidwa mayunivesite payekha. Mwa njira iyi dongosolo mtundu wa maphunziro apamwamba angathe kupikisana ndi ena mu msika wa mayiko wa ntchito yophunzitsa sipekitiramu.

Tikumbukenso kuti ndondomeko Bologna ku Russia ndi pafupifupi anazondoketsedwa dongosolo maphunziro dziko. Pamaso amvekere ndi njira zophunzitsira dongosolo European anayang'ana chosiyana. Kuti ubwino wa maphunziro awo oyamba mu dziko ovomerezedwa ndi State mfundo yophunzitsa poyamba woyamba ndiyeno m'badwo wachiwiri. Pofuna kukhazikitsa standardization ichi cha utsogoleri dziko amaona chilengedwe cha danga wamba maphunziro ofanana ndi pazikhala kufanana zolembedwa pa maphunziro ndi anthu a m'mayiko ena otukuka.

Pa harmonization a zomangamanga a dongosolo European maphunziro apamwamba

Bologna ndondomeko maphunziro anayamba zikamera ake zambiri kuyambira May 1998. Ndiye pa Sorbonne yosainidwa pangano Multilaterial "Pa harmonization a zomangamanga a dongosolo European maphunziro apamwamba." Declaration amene kenako anayamba kuganizira inalowa kuti pangano Bologna, anatenga atumiki a French, UK, Italy ndi Germany. ntchito yake anali kulenga ndi kukhala njira yoyenera kukula bwino poto-European chitsanzo cha maphunziro. Zinthu lofunika pangano limeneli chinali chikhalidwe cyclical wa maphunziro, ntchito dongosolo ngongole-yodziyimira payokha.

Mgwirizano mu Bologna

Ndondomeko (Bologna adatchedwa chifukwa cha kusaina mgwirizano ofanana anali mu Bologna) kulenga latsopano maphunziro ku Ulaya umalimbana pogwirizanitsa ndi merging machitidwe osiyana maphunziro aliyense boma danga lonse la maphunziro apamwamba. Tsiku, amene anapereka kuwerengetsa kuti mbali yofunika kwambiri imeneyi m'mbiri ya maphunziro, malinga June 19, 1999. Pa tsiku limenelo, oimira dera maphunziro ndi atumiki a limati oposa 20 European anavomera kusaina mgwirizano, dzina lake pambuyo Bologna Declaration. 29 membala - mayiko a Njira Bologna - zosatseka mgwirizanowo ndipo tsopano ndi "European maphunziro Area" Mwina agwirizane ndi limati zina.

The oyamba a ndondomeko Bologna ku Russia

Monga tanenera kale, dongosolo la maphunziro a positi-Soviet Russia anali zoipa kufunika kwa kusintha. Pa kusintha kwa boma wodzilamulira mu maphunziro apamwamba salinso zosowa panopa, mu chitukuko si ankaona ngakhale wokamba zazing'ono. Zilibe kwathunthu amapotoza angathe olemera malo mkati. Kukonzanso dera ankaleza kuchotsa dziko la malingaliro a Ulamuliro Soviet ndipo muwuzeni mu chikhalidwe cha anthu ikupita patsogolo padziko lonse ndondomeko demokalase.

Bologna pangano yolembedwa ndi Russia mu 2003, amaloledwa kulowamo boma Russian mu umodzi European danga maphunziro apamwamba. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ndi kukhazikitsa mfundo European m'munda wa ndodo sayansi ndi chiphunzitso cha dziko linagawanika m'magulu awiri. Panali otsutsa ndi mbali ya malo latsopano, koma pakadali pano, kusintha ndi kusinthika lolingana zikuchitika masiku ano. The Bologna ndondomeko ya maphunziro ochuluka kukula mu dongosolo dziko maphunziro.

Zonse ndi kumakula makonzedwe ena a chilengezo Mukalowa mu Bologna, zimathandiza kuti kupitiriza kwa kukhazikitsanso dongosolo Russian maphunziro kuti:

• kubweretsa mu mzere ndi dongosolo European anthu a maphunziro apamwamba;
• bwino kugula, kutchuka ndi mayunivesite demokalase mwa am'deralo;
• kuwonjezera mpikisano wa omaliza mabungwe apamwamba maphunziro a Russia ndi mlingo wa maphunziro awo.

The kusintha choyamba mu dongosolo la maphunziro apamwamba

Bologna ndondomeko mu Russia zaka zingapo ntchito zathandiza kuti iyende kwambiri. Mtengo waukulu a dongosolo lino:

• Maphunziro apamwamba zone anamanga malinga ndi mfundo European, ntchito yaikulu imene ndiyo kukhala sayenda ophunzira ndi chiyembekezo ntchito;
• Iwo amatitsimikizira mpikisano wa aliyense bungwe maphunziro apamwamba pomenyera gulu, boma ndalama poyerekeza ndi maboma ena maphunziro;
• Mayunivesite amanenedwa ndi udindo wofunika kwambiri wa zinthu chapakati cha chonyamulira lamanja la chikumbumtima anthu mu njira ya chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Ulaya.

Komanso, zaposachedwapa ife ndithu analimbitsa panopa komanso kuchita nkhondo mwapang'onopang'ono malo apamwamba a nzeru, sayansi, sayansi ndi European yamakolo moyo, pomwe dongosolo la ndondomeko Bologna kumathandiza kuti kutchuka kwa aliyense yunivesite.

Kukonzekera Russia kuyamba Njira Bologna

Pa nthawi, chiwerengero cha States kuti ayamba Bologna Declaration, chikukulirakulirabe. Lero, kukhazikitsa ndondomeko Bologna - vuto m'mayiko osachepera 50 zapamwamba ku Ulaya. Komabe, tiyenera powasamalira mfundo kuyambirira wa wamakono wa maphunziro Russian. chikalata ichi, lokonzedwa ndi Unduna wa Maphunziro, anali ovomerezedwa ndi boma Russian ndi Council boma. Ndinazichita mu chikalata ichi mpaka 2010.

Lingaliro ndi malangizo chachikulu ndale mphamvu mu maphunziro, ngakhale kuti inalibe pang'ono za Bologna Declaration, kapena kwa wina wa ndondomeko iliyonse chikalata. Nthawiyi, akuyerekeza malemba mfundo ndi zinthu zopezeka mu ndondomeko Bologna, kupeza kusiyana yokulirapo silidzakhala Lofewa.

Monga anayamikira maphunziro apamwamba mu ndondomeko Bologna mu Concept wa anaonetsa kufunika kwake kwa kuzindikira kuti maphunziro ndi zinthu zofunika mu chitukuko cha mlingo atsopano a zachuma ndi zinthu zokhudza. Ndipotu, ngati chida akhoza ndithu kupikisana ndi machitidwe ena achilendo maphunziro.

Kufotokozera za Concept ndi

Ngakhale kuzindikira kuthekera maphunziro Russian dongosolo la kupikisana ndi maiko zapamwamba za dongosolo la maphunziro, Concept amalankhula za kufunika thandizo wodziika kwa anthu a, komanso mfundo umoyo ndi zachuma kubwerera kwa mlingo woyenera wa udindo wa boma, ntchito zake zofunika mu dera maphunziro.

Drafting mfundo wamakono wa maphunziro Russian apamwamba wakhala siteji kukonzekera m'kati kujowina boma Russian mu dongosolo Bologna. Ngakhale kuti ngakhale kuti sikunali cholinga chachikulu cha bukuli, iye anali wotsimikiza Poyembekezera inalowa wa dziko pa njira yatsopano ya dera maphunziro. Mwa makhazikitsidwe zofunika akuyang'ana atsogoleri a mabungwe zogwirizana ndi ponena kukhala chitsanzo cha mfundo boma boma maphunziro ndi Choyenereza misinkhu "Bachelor", "Master", kufanizira ndi sipekitiramu wa ukatswiri luso ndi sayansi ofunika.

Poyerekeza ndi maiko anasaina Bologna mgwirizano mu 1999, Russia anali ndi udindo zambiri zaphindu okha. Ponena zikalata za ndondomeko Bologna yekha kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 21, Russia kale nawo mpata ganizirani zimene zinachitikira ku Ulaya. Komanso, mfundo yaikulu ya kuphunzira, kachitidwe mgwirizano ndi limagwirira polojekiti pa kukhazikitsa ndondomeko anali yaitali anakhazikitsa ndipo ngakhale zapita magawo anayendera.

Ndikhale mayiko patsogolo kwa Bologna dongosolo maphunziro a Russia chinachititsa kufunika wa limagwirira zoyenera pa mpikisano chikhulupiriro ndi European, analamula kuti "automatism" nyumba maphunziro.

anasinthira

Chifukwa kulowa Russia a mu danga maphunziro European, omaliza zoweta kulandira masatifiketi a bachelors, akatswiri ndi ambuye. m'mayiko onse a Bologna ndondomeko zikalata amenewa akuzindikiridwa monga chitsanzo chimodzi chokha, natsimikiza chiphaso cha maphunziro apamwamba, kuphatikizapo Diploma enaake anatengedwa ndi Mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi UNESCO. Choncho ophunzirawo mayunivesite Russian ndi mwayi kukhala ziwalo zonse za mapulogalamu maphunziro kuyenda.

mbali khalidwe la dongosolo Bologna ku Russia

Zinthu zikuluzikulu ndi chakudya, zimene zinabweretsa mu dongosolo Russian maphunziro a ndondomeko Bologna, pali zinthu zingapo:

• kulekana kwa maphunziro apamwamba mu m'njira ziwiri: yoyamba ndi mbuye (kwa mlingo yoyamba m'pofunika kudutsa zaka 4-5 maphunziro, kuphunzira zaka Ambuye 1-2);
• likhale dongosolo maphunziro a ntchito dongosolo Kuyamikira nthawi, imene ndi ya nkhani seminarnyh ndi ntchito osadalira pa wophunzira (wangomwalira pulogalamu iliyonse mutu, masamu chifukwa nambala inayake ya maola, mukhoza kupita Inde lotsatira kuphunzira);
• Mkhalidwe kuwunika chigawo akamagwira kudziwa dziko yovomerezeka ziwembu;
• mosalekeza titsatire maphunziro pafupifupi bungwe lililonse European zinachitikira Mwachitsanzo, amayenda Russia;
• moganizira nkhani mlingo poto-European ndi atsogolere maphunziro awo.

Madalitso kwa ophunzira

Tidziwanso kuti ophunzirawo mayunivesite Russian adzalandira masatifiketi pa maphunziro, osati kutsimikizira kuyenerera awo m'dziko lawo, koma adzakhala tamutchula mwa mabwana ku Ulaya. Poyankha, ophunzira ochokera mayiko akunja ndi mwayi waukulu kupeza ntchito apa. Komanso, ophunzira bwino kwambiri adzapatsidwa mwayi kukumana ndi maphunziro kwa teremu kapena chaka pa yunivesite kunja chifukwa cha maonekedwe a mapulogalamu kuyenda. Izo zinayamba kutheka ndi kusintha zapaderazi osankhidwa pa kusintha Mwachitsanzo, ndi Digirii mu sukulu maphunziro.

Mwa ubwino ndondomeko mwachindunji maphunziro titchedwe dongosolo kudzikundikira Kuyamikira khalidwe, ndicho icho kuwalola ntchito kwa Kufulumizitsa kutsegula kupeza maphunziro yachiwiri apamwamba kapena mozama kutsogoza la chinenero, onse mpanda wa yunivesite, komanso m'mayiko ena.

Pomaliza

Kukula kwa ndondomeko Bologna makamaka anakonzeratu ndi mfundo za kusintha ambiri zokhudza pafupifupi muzochitika zones za moyo wa boma Russian. Mapangidwe chitsanzo maziko a dongosolo la maphunziro complicates kwambiri kusiyana awiri zikhalidwe zosiyana za maphunziro apamwamba kusukulu: wadziko ndi European. Mismatches Tingaone kulikonse: mu nthawi ya maphunziro, choyenereza zigawo, madera a maphunziro apadera. Zosiyana mophweka ngakhale mmene kuphunzira ndi bungwe.

Bologna pangano, amene anasintha kwambiri dongosolo Russian maphunziro, amatanthauza kusintha kwa dongosolo maphunziro ziwiri gawo apamwamba ochokera limodzi lomwe. Pamaso kusainira makoleji pangano ophunzira mosalekeza, chifukwa pa 5 zaka. akatswiri a mbiri yabwino ndi wolemekezeka oyenerera anakonza pa maziko a anayamba mapulogalamu ophunzitsa. mafikidwe ake chilango kumaphatikizapo kusankha makamaka unit wa ntchito mwachita ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, omwe ndi ola maphunziro. Kuwerengetsa chiwerengero cha maphunziro katundu ndi maziko a mapulogalamu ophunzitsa za maphunziro apamwamba.