Ndi nomenclature mwadongosolo Kodi

Mwadongosolo nomenclature amatilola kuti aitane anthu a magulu osiyanasiyana a mankhwala organic. Malinga ndi umembala wa gulu linalake la zinthu, pali mfundo zina zabwino mu maina a zimene ziyenera otchulidwa. Kambiranani mmene nomenclature mwadongosolo imakhudzanso chimasanduka nyumba zosiyanasiyana, komanso mankhwala mpweya munali.

Gulu la mankhwala organic

Ngati mpweya unyolo mtundu zambiri anagawa zinthu organic kuti ozungulira ndi acyclic; ladzala ndi unsaturated, heterocyclic ndi carbocyclic. Wotchedwa mankhwala acyclic opanda dongosolo mu mikombelo yawo. Mpweya maatomu mu mankhwala amenewa anakonza mu mndandanda kupanga molunjika kapena nthambi unyolo unclosed.

Kuonetsetsa chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa, omwe limodzi mpweya kumangidwa, komanso mankhwala ndi angapo (awiri, patatu) kumangigwa.

Nomenclature wa alkanes

Mwadongosolo nomenclature ikukhudza ntchito aligorivimu zenizeni za zochita. Compliance ndi malamulo amalola palibe zolakwika kupereka maina a chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa. Ngati mukufuna ntchito, "Kuitana mwadongosolo nomenclature akufuna hydrocarbon" m'pofunika kuti ayambe onetsetsani kuti adzaupereka kwa gulu la alkanes. Kenako muyenera kuyang'ana pa kapangidwe ka unyolo yaitali.

Pamene mpweya maatomu chifukwa cha analipo ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira moyandikana ndi unyolo pamwamba, chiwerengero ndi dzina. Mwadongosolo nomenclature kumafuna ntchito ZOWONJEZERA zina, kutchula chiwerengero cha ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira zofanana. malo awo imaonekera ndi manambala, kudziwa nambala anaitana ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira. Pa chomaliza, ndi yaitali mpweya unyolo, kuwonjezera suffix kutanthauza. Mwachitsanzo, hydrocarbon, CH3-CH2-CH (CH) -CH2-CH3 wa nomenclature mwadongosolo amatchedwa 3-methylpentane.

Nomenclature wa alkenes

zinthu zimenezi pa nomenclature ndi mwadongosolo amatchedwa ndi umboni lamulo la chakudya cha angapo (awiri) kumangigwa. Mu umagwirira organic, pali ndondomeko zina za zochita zake zomwe zimathandiza mayina a alkenes. Kuyamba akufuna mpweya unyolo limanenedwa ndi mpukutu yaitali munali chomangira awiri. Manambala a carbons mu unyolo imagwiridwa ku mbali kwambiri pamwamba kumene ubale angapo ili. Ngati anapereka ntchito: "Kodi nkhani ya nomenclature mwadongosolo", m'pofunika kudziwa pamaso pa kapangidwe akufuna wa ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira hydrocarbon.

Ngati iwo sali, itanani unyolo yokha, kuwonjezera -en suffix, kuonetsa malo a chithunzi cha ubale awiri. Pakuti oimira alkenes unsaturated, monga ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira amene alipo, muyenera mwachindunji manambala awo malo, kuwonjezera ndi manambala oyambirira kutchula kuchuluka, ndiyeno yekha chitani dzina kwambiri ndi unyolo hydrocarbon.

Mwachitsanzo, timapereka mutu pawiri wa kapangidwe zotsatirazi: CH 2 = CH-CH (CH3) -CH2-CH3. Popeza kuti molekyulu ali ndi chomangira awiri, ndi hydrocarbon kwakukulu, dzina lake adzakhala motere: 3-metilpunten-1.

diene chimasanduka

Osiyanasiyana kalasi ya chimasanduka unsaturated amakhala ndi peculiarities ena. Mamolekyulu diene mankhwala yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa nsinga awiri awiri, choncho, mu mutu amasonyeza udindo wa aliyense wa iwo. Pano pali chitsanzo cha pawiri wachokera ku kalasi imeneyi, dzina.

CH2 = CH-CH = CH2 (1,3 butadiene).

Ngati alipo ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira molekyulu (mitundu yogwira), ndiye chiwerengero amasonyeza malo angapo ma atomu awo mu unyolo waukulu mbali imene ili pafupi ndi pamwamba ake. Ngati molekyulu maatomu angapo hydrocarbon ntchito pamene enumerating manambala oyambirira di-, tri-, tetra-.

Pomaliza

Ndi nomenclature ndi mwadongosolo n'zotheka kupereka dzina la oimira magulu onse a mankhwala organic. A aligorivimu ambiri amachita kuitana amalola zitsanzo za zimalimbikitsa ndi chimasanduka unsaturated. Pakuti zidulo carboxylic, amene ali pano mu zikuchokera kwa carboxyl zinchito gulu, kuwerenga unyolo waukulu ikuchitika ndi izo.