Nenani zinthu zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe anthu

Munthu amakhala ndi akufotokozera mchikakamizo cha zinthu zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe. Yotsirizira ndi ntchito yake mwini: thupi, maganizo, chidziwitso. Wapadera moyo wa munthu lagona makamaka chakuti zinthu za zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe chilengedwe cha umunthu kupanga uthunthu wake zamoyo wa sapiens mitundu Homo.

mizu Common

ndi chodziwikiratu kuti chilakolako pa kuposa ubwenzi yekha ku nyama chikhalidwe chake. Ndi kwambiri ya thupi lathu ndi ntchito zake, izo zikutikumbutsa ife za ubale ndi nyama.

Izi likukhudza kwambiri choyamba kubadwa kwa dongosolo ambiri a thupi anatomical anthu, womwe ndi morphological ndi thupi makhalidwe a zochita amuzolengedwa maselo, zimakhala ndi ziwalo. Kudziŵa zinthu za chilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe, correlatively chokhudzana ndi mzake, ndipo izi zidzathandiza kuti muganize tanthauzo la aliyense wa iwo mu ndondomeko ya anthropogenesis. Onetsetsani kuganizira mfundo yakuti munthuyo zambiri ankamuona ngati zovuta, lotseguka, kudzikonda bungwe, otha kuchulukana ndi kubweretsa kwa biosystem. Kenako, sitisiya mitundu ya makhalidwe zachilengedwe pa thupi la munthu.

zinthu abiotic

Phatikizani zinthu monga chinyezi, kuunikira, kutentha, maziko poizoniyu. Iwo mwachindunji kapena ayi kusonkhezera onse pa munthu ndi kwa anthu wonse wa anthu. zinthu zachilengedwe otchedwa zachilengedwe. Mphamvu ya zotsatira wawo chokhalitsa kapena kusankha ngakhale mu nyengo yaitali chitukuko cha biosphere wonse. Mphamvu yokoka, gasi zikuchokera m'mlengalenga, mchere zili m'madziwo, etc ..

Mitundu cha zotsatira zachilengedwe

Kusintha zinthu abiotic zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awa: si nthawi (zivomezi, kuphulitsa mapiri), nthawi (ya kusintha kwa nyengo, mwezi m'zinthu), komanso nthawi yaitali malo.

Zikuphatikizapo likutentha dziko lapansi. anthu onse a dzikoli, ndi munthu makamaka, atengere osiyanasiyana zinthu zachilengedwe, ntchito njira ya neuro-humoral lamulo la kagayidwe. mfundo zonse tatchulazi tikutengegeredwa ku mapeto awa: Fotokozani zinthu za zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe chilengedwe, zomwe poyera kwa thupi, ndipo kenako okha adzakhoza kuwoneratu zomwe kusintha dziphunzitsiranso zimachitika onse pa munthu ndi anthu onse.

Komanso, tonse ndife mchikakamizo cha malamulo lonse zachilengedwe, monga: Chilamulo akadakwanitsira anatengera malamulo wachibale ufulu. Komanso, anapatsidwa chikhalidwe biosocial anthu, zimaonekeratu bwanji makhalidwe pa iye anthropogenes moyo, mwinamwake kudziwika monga zinthu chikhalidwe. Poona mbiri zachilengedwe ndi sayansi chikhalidwe, mudzaona kulowa zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe chilengedwe zinthu. Biology ndi moganizira za zinthu monga kuphunzira biosphere ndi, anthropogenesis malamulo, malamulo zachilengedwe.

Zamoyo monga malo enieni aliko

zinthu Biotic monga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chikoka tonse zamoyo pa wina ndi mzake wamoyo. Amenewa akhale zomera, nyama, mabakiteriya a anthu, mogwirizana kwa anthu padziko mzake. Taganizirani kaye chitsanzo cha ubale mawonekedwe mabakiteriya symbiotic bwinobwino okhala thupi. zikuchokera timadalira pa malo malo m'madera osiyanasiyana a thupi, ndipo pa kugonana, zaka ndi boma la thanzi la munthu. Choncho, pano m'kamwa streptococci, pneumococci, E. coli. Mu intestine ka yisiti moyo, enterococci. The microflora za m'mimba amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu njira ya mayamwidwe ndipo thupi wonse. Nawa bifidobacteria ndi lactobacilli, ndi apanga mavitamini, amene bwino chimbudzi.

Yaitali zamoyo wa munthu, linali kukhudzana pafupi ndi nyama ndi zomera kwachititsa kuti zikamera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera nakulitsa ndi Mitundu za ziweto. Ngati mukukumana nawo ntchito: "Kudziŵa mfundo ya zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe chilengedwe cha munthu", m'pofunika kuganizira momwe polojekitiyi pa anthropogeny osati sayansi chikhalidwe komanso anthu a zamoyo, monga zomera, zinyama, bacteriology.

zochita za anthu ndi biosphere

Mwatsoka, anthu adakali sanazindikire kuti moyo wawo ndi moyo zimadalira boma la dziko Lapansi ndi chikhalidwe chake. Mbiri yathu lili ndi mfundo mwachisawawa chiwonongeko cha munthu onse kuti isawonongeke. Koma phindu zochita za anthu pa dziko kuzungulira ife zochepa. Anthu analimbikira enviable akupitiriza "kusintha khalidwe." Zimenezi aitanidwa "opangidwa zinthu zachilengedwe." amadza chifukwa cha zoipa zikhoza kuchepetsedwa ngati ife Tikutsatira zochita zawo "chikumbumtima chilengedwe" (umboni wa American wasayansi A. Leopold). Ngati inu anafunsa funso pa izi, chonde amasonyeza zinthu za chilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe, ndiwo kwambiri mfundo munthu umakhala malo ndi udindo wa zochitika monga mizinda ndi kuphulika anthu.

Kuchuluka kwa dziko

Ndi chizindikiro, kwambiri zokhudza chikhalidwe cha biosphere, ndipo amatanthauza gulu la zinthu zimene kudziwa mlingo wa chilengedwe chikhalidwe cha anthu. Pa zaka 50 zapitazi chiwerengero cha anthu padziko chawonjezeka ndi nthawi 2 ndipo tsopano biliyoni 7.3 anthu.

zodabwitsazi amatchedwa anthu kuphulika. Ambiri mwa mavuto alipo - kupereka chuma chakudya cha anthu. Kuphunzira chiwerengero (sayansi ya malamulo ya kubereka ya anthu ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zimatengera), molondola zimasonyeza zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe chilengedwe zinthu.

Kodi chiwerengero komanso zimene nonse iyo imakhala yokha? Chiyambi cha pakuwonekera kwake tinganene kuti pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19, pamene panali zofufuza za Giyyara. ntchito yake yaikulu amaonedwa kukhala mapulani ndi kuwunika anthu ogwira ntchito, komanso ndondomeko anthu (chonde madokotala ananena zawo ndi omwalira ukwati ndi kubereka mu chiwerengero general).

mizinda

kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi chitukuko mafakitale akhala maloboti ndi zikamera wa megacities. Tsopano mizinda ya m'mayiko osiyanasiyana moyo kuyambira pa 45 mpaka 47% ya chonse cha anthu. Microenvironment owazungulira kwambiri anakhudzidwa ndi ntchito sagwira anthu: kudzikundikira ambirimbiri matani zinyalala ndi madzi kuipitsidwa kwa zimbudzi. Pafupifupi anawononga m'chilengedwe zachilengedwe yozungulira m'mizinda ikuluikulu. Dothi, madzi ndi mpweya ndi zakhudzana ndi zinyalala poizoni mafakitale. Zonsezi ndi kuopseza mwachindunji kwa moyo wa munthu.

Kodi kuphunzira malamulo a anthu

The French nzeru zapamwamba Auguste Comte zasonyeza kuti chilengedwe munthu amacheza ndi chinthu chomwecho kuphunzira, komanso chikhalidwe. Iye amakhala monga mwa malamulo, amene anapanga m'kati kulankhulana ndi zimene zimachitika pakati pa anthu pa ntchito, moyo ndi chikhalidwe. Malamulo amenewa kuphunzira Chaanthu. Kudziŵa zinthu za chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe - ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira za kafukufuku sociological, mudzatha kufufuza m'mbali zonse za moyo: ndale, zachuma, kasamalidwe, maphunziro. maphunziro Sociological kuganizira anthu, potengera zosowa za anthu ake, taganizirani khazikitsa, zokonda ndi zofunika wa munthu.

Kuti adzimvera, nkhani kuphunzira. Amene anganyoze kuti ngati mwapemphedwa: "Kudziŵa zinthu za chilengedwe komanso chikhalidwe," yochepa Yankho ayenera kuwerenga motere: "Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo abiotic (chilengedwe) ndi zinthu biotic. Iwo ndi chilengedwe cha munthu Gulu lachiwiri zikuphatikizapo njira mabuku moyo. anthu, otchedwa malo ochezera. "