Nitration wa toluene: Chisoni aone kuti pali

Tiyeni tikambirane mmene nitration wa toluene. Konzekerani chimodzimodzi mwa kuchita nambala yaikulu mankhwala semifinished ntchito kupanga mabomba, asatayike.

Tanthauzo la nitration

Benzene ofanana nawo monga mankhwala onunkhira nitro akupezeka makampani ano mankhwala. Nitrobenzene mu aniline ndi mungafike mankhwala, perefyumu, kupanga mankhwala. Iye ndi zosungunulira kwambiri kwa mankhwala ambiri organic, kuphatikizapo mapadi ndi nitrite kupanga misa gelatinous naye. Makampani mafuta ndi ntchito monga purifier kwa lubricating mafuta. Pamene nitration wa toluene zakonzedwa benzidine, aniline, asidi aminosalicylic, phenylenediamine.

Kaperekedwe nitration

Nitration yodziwika polowera NO2 gulu mu molekyulu pawiri organic. Malinga ndi nkhani yoyambira, mnjira atuluka kudzera ndi amakani, nucleophilic, electrophilic limagwirira. The particles yogwira zinthu monga cations nitronium, ayoni ndi ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira NO2. Toluene nitration anachita amatanthauza m'malo a. Pakuti zinthu zina organic mwina M'MALO nitration, ndi Kuwonjezera wa mgwirizano awiri.

Nitration wa toluene mu molekyulu wa hydrocarbon onunkhira ikuchitika ntchito nitrating asidi (sulfuric ndi zidulo nitric). The chothandizira akusonyeza katundu asidi sulfuric kutumikira monga ndondomeko kumabweretsa vodotnimayuschego.

ndondomeko aone kuti pali

Nitration wa toluene kumafuna m'malo atomu wa hydrogen imodzi mwa nitro. Kodi chiwembu cha sikumatha?

Pofuna kufotokoza nitration wa toluene, zimene aone kuti pali akhoza ankaimira motere:

ArH + HONO2 + = Ari-NO2 + H2 O

Iwo amalola kuti aweruzidwe yekha pa njira ambiri mogwirizana, koma satchula mbali zonse za ndondomekoyi. Ndipotu pali anachita pakati chimasanduka ndi zonunkhira ndi mankhwala asidi nitric.

Popeza kuti mankhwala ali ndi madzi molekyulu, amachepetsa ndende asidi nitric, nitration wa toluene Choncho kubweza. Pofuna kupewa vuto limeneli, ndondomeko ikuchitika pa otsika kutentha ntchito asidi nitric mu kuchuluka owonjezera.

Kuwonjezera asidi sulfuric monga dehydrating wothandizira ntchito , acetic anhydride, asidi polyphosphoric, boron trifluoride. Amalimbikitsa snizat mowa asidi nitric, kuwonjezera dzuwa la mogwirizana.

Mokoma ndondomeko

The nitration wa toluene limafotokonzera m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi V. Markovnikov. Iye anali kupeza ulalo pakati kukhalapo mu osakaniza zimene anaikira asidi sulfuric ndi ndondomeko mlingo otaya. Kupanga nitrotoluene anhydrous asidi ano nitric ntchito, kutengeramo owonjezera pang'ono.

Komanso, sulfonation ndi nitration wa toluene kumafuna ntchito zilipo dehydrating boron fluoride chigawo. M'mawu ake oyamba mu ndondomeko zimene chimathandiza kuchepetsa mtengo wa mankhwala analandira amene wapereka kwa nitration wa toluene. Aone kuti pali loyenda ndondomeko zambiri zinali motere:

ArH + HNO3 + BF3 = Ari-NO2 + BF3 · H2 O

Nditamaliza madzi anachita umayamba, umene monohydrate boron fluoride dihydrate mitundu. Iwo chinatha mu vacuo, onjezerani kashiamu fluoride, kubwerera ku chiyambi mawonekedwe pawiri.

Kulunjika wa nitration

Pali zina zimene zili ndondomeko kugwirizana ndi kusankha reagents, gawo lapansi pogwiritsa anachita. Taonani zina zimene mungachite kwambiri:

• peresenti 60-65 nitric asidi chisakanizo cha asidi peresenti 96 sulfuric;
• chisakanizo cha asidi nitric 98% ndi kuikapo maganizo asidi sulfuric angachitire zinthu pang'ono organic;
• potaziyamu nitrate kapena ammonium ndi moyikirapo sulfuric asidi - ndi kusankha kwambiri kwa kupanga polima mankhwala nitro.

The kinetics wa nitration

Onunkhira chimasanduka, zimavuta ndi osakaniza sulfuric ndi zidulo nitric, nitro ionically. V. Markovnikov amatha zimaonetsa ndi kulunjika wa mogwirizana ndi. Dongosololi chikuchitika mu magawo angapo. Nitrosernaya asidi ali woyamba kupangidwa, amene amaloŵamo dissociation mu amadzimadzi njira. Nitronium ayoni ali anachitira ndi toluene kupanga monga mankhwala nitrotoluene. Pamene anawonjezera kuti chisakanizo cha mamolekyulu madzi zidzachitika deceleration.

Mu solvents ndi chikhalidwe organic - nitromethane, acetonitrile, sulfolane - amalola mapangidwe cation pa mlingo wa nitration.

Chifukwa nitronium cation Ufumuyo phata onunkhira a toluene, motero anapanga wapakatikati. Komanso pali purotoni kusiyana, zikubweretsa mapangidwe nitrotoluene.

Kuti timve bwino lomwe zambiri za sikumatha tingaganizire za mapangidwe "Sigma" ndi "PI" zovuta. Education "Sigma" ya zovuta ndi mlingo-Kuchepetsa sitepe ya mogwirizana ndi. Mlingo anachita mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi mofulumira a nitronium cation ubwenzi ndi mpweya atomu mu phata la mankhwala onunkhira. purotoni akuwaza kuchokerako toluene ikuchitika nthawi yomweyo.

Only akukuvutitsani, pangakhale mavuto ena ndi m'malo kugwirizana ndi chidwi kayendedwe zotsatira yaikulu isotope. Ichi ndi chifukwa mathamangitsidwe wa ndondomeko kubwerera mu Kukhalapo kwa mavuto amitundumitundu.

Posankha ndi chothandizira ndi wothandizila dehydrating ndi moyikirapo sulfuric ndondomeko asidi pali mgwirizano kosangalatsa kwa mapangidwe mankhwala anachita.

Pomaliza

Iwo anapanga mu nitration wa toluene nitrotoluene, omwe anauziridwa wapatali makampani mankhwala a. Ndi mankhwala ndi pawiri ndi kuphulika, kotero kufunika mu kabotolo ntchito. Mwa mavuto zachilengedwe kugwirizana ndi kupanga ake mafakitale, onani ntchito za kuchuluka yokulirapo ya moyikirapo sulfuric asidi.

Kuthana ndi vutoli, akatswiri akufunafuna njira zothetsera zinyalala sulfuric asidi analandira pambuyo ndondomeko nitration. Mwachitsanzo, njira ikuchitika pa kutentha m'munsi sing'anga ntchito mosavuta regenerable. chidulo cha safuriki ali katundu oxidizing lamphamvu, chimene zoipa amakhudza dzimbiri zitsulo ndi kuchuluka ngozi kuti zamoyo. Kugwilizana ndi mfundo za ngozi zingatheke bwanji kupirira mavuto amenewa, kupeza apamwamba nitro mankhwala.