PLO - ndi chiyani ichi? Zoyamba za chinthu wokonda mapulogalamu

Chifukwa chinthu wokonda mapulogalamu adalipo mu ntchito kwambiri? PLO akupereka njira yabwino kuthana ndi Kuvuta awo. M'malo moganizira pulogalamu monga ndondomeko ya malangizo executable, ikuimira monga gulu la zinthu ndi katundu wina ndi kutulutsa iwo ndi zinthu zina. Izi zimachititsa ntchito ndi bwino, odalirika ndi legkosoprovozhdaemyh.

Zoyamba za chinthu wokonda mapulogalamu (OOP) kupangidwa zoletsa apezeka njira analipo. Pakati pawo - kupeza zopanda malire deta ndi ambiri maulalo, amene amalowerera yosaloledwa kusintha. kuzindikira ndi zinthu zofunika kumvetsa zimene mapulogalamu OOP ndipo kodi ubwino wake.

zinenero procedural

C, Pascal, FORTRAN, ndi zinenero ofanana ndi procedural. Ndiko kuti, aliyense wa woyendetsa auza kompyuta kuchita chinachake: kuti deta, kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha, ogaŵikana sikisi, chifukwa anasonyeza. Kumapeto chinenero procedural malangizo mndandanda. Ngati ziri zazing'ono, palibe gulu lothandiza (zambiri amatchedwa mawonedwe a) si chofunika. The mapulogalamu amalenga mndandanda wa malangizo, ndi kompyuta udzapereka iwo.

Kupatukana ntchito

Pamene ntchito kukhala wolemera mndandanda wa motsatana. Ochepa akhoza kumvetsa kuposa malangizo mazana angapo mpaka yagawidwa. Pachifukwa ichi, ntchito inali njira kupanga ntchito zambiri timvetse ndiAmene ake. M'zinenero zina, mfundo yomweyo angatchedwe subroutines kapena njira.

app agawidwa ntchito, omwe ali bwinobwino cholinga ndi mawonekedwe.

Lingaliro la kulekana kwa ndondomeko akhoza kukodzedwa mu grouping akuluakulu chinthu otchedwa gawo, koma mfundo ndi analogous: ndi grouping zigawo zikuluzikulu zomwe kunyamula mndandanda wa chikalata.

Kupatukana ntchito ndi zigawo - mmodzi wa pangodya miyala mapulogalamu kusasintha, limene kwa zaka zingapo mpaka PLO zinali zikhoza mawonedwe.

mavuto zosanjidwa mapulogalamu

Monga ntchito kukhala zikuluzikulu zosanjidwa mapulogalamu wayamba mavuto. Ntchito kukhala zovuta kwambiri. ankatembenukira zithunzi. Kumafuna ambiri mapulogalamu. Kuvuta wakula. Ndalama kuwombera uko, ndandanda anali ankatembenukira patsogolo, ndipo kunabwera kugwa.

Analysis wa zimayambitsa kulephera anaulula deficiencies procedural mawonedwe. Kaya kusasintha akuyendera mapulogalamu njira, ntchito yaikulu ndisakhale zovuta.

ndi zimayambitsa mavuto awa kugwirizana ndi zinenero procedural chiyani? Choyamba, ntchito mwayi chomuletsa deta lonse. Chachiwiri, njira zifukwa ndi makhalidwe oipa yesezera dziko lenileni.

Ngati tikambirana nkhani zimenezi pa nkhani ya kufufuza mlandu mapulogalamu, mbali yofunika kwambiri deta padziko lonse ya SKUs. ntchito zosiyanasiyana angatanthauze iwo kulowa mtengo latsopano, chimaonetsedwa, kusintha ndi zina. D.

kupeza zopanda malire

pulogalamu olembedwa Mwachitsanzo, mu C, pali mitundu iwiri deta. Local zobisika mwa kugwira ntchito ndi ndondomeko zina osati ntchito.

Pamene ntchito awiri kapena kuposa kuwona china yemweyo, yotsirizira ayenera kukhala padziko lonse. Chotero Mwachitsanzo, atengedwa mu mudziwe nkhani nkhani. Deta lonse kungakhale ndondomeko aliwonse.

Mu dongosolo lalikulu, pali zinthu zambiri ndi zambiri zinthu padziko lonse. Vuto la mawonedwe procedural ndi imakafika ku ambiri mgwirizano umene ulipo pakati pawo.

Chotero ambiri kugwirizana amachititsa mavuto angapo. Choyamba, complicates kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka mwambowu. Kachiwiri, zovuta kusintha. Kusintha katunduyo lonse deta kungafune kusintha ntchito zonse ndi chida chimenechi.

Mwachitsanzo, mu pulogalamu mlandu munthu aganiza kuti ayesedwe chinthu malamulo ayenera zigwirizana osati manambala 5, ndipo kuyambira 12. Izi amafuna kusintha mtundu deta ku kochepa kwa nthawi yaitali. Tsopano kugwirizana ndi malamulo ntchito ayenera kusinthidwa kuti ntchito ndi mtundu watsopano.

Pamene zinthu zimasandulizidwa mu ntchito zazikulu, n'zovuta kunena zimene njira ndi mwayi iwo. Koma ngakhale chithunzi ichi, kusintha iwo angachotsedwe ntchito pachithunzichi deta ndi ena padziko lonse. Chirichonse chokhudzana ndi china chirichonse, kotero kusintha malo amodzi muzikhosomola mu lina.

Kumutsatira dziko lenileni

The chachiwiri ndi zofunika kwambiri vuto la mawonedwe procedural ndi malo enieni ake deta ndi ntchito bwino simulates zinthu zochitika zenizeni. Apa tikulimbana ndi zinthu monga anthu kapena magalimoto. Iwo ali ngati palibe deta kapena kugwira ntchito. Zovuta zinthu zenizeni dziko ndi makhalidwe ndi khalidwe.

malingaliro

Zitsanzo za makhalidwe (limatchedwa katundu) kwa anthu ndi diso mtundu ndi dzina la mtengo, kwa galimoto - mphamvu ndi chiwerengero cha zitseko. Mwamwayi, zikhumbo za dziko lenileni zofanana deta mu pulogalamuyi. Iwo ndi mfundo zina zapadera monga buluu (mtundu wa maso) kapena anayi (nambala ya zitseko).

khalidwe

Khalidwe - ndi zinthu zenizeni dziko amapangidwa poyankha mtundu wina wa amadza. Ngati mudzapempha bwana zikuchuluka malipiro, yankho ndi "inde" kapena "ayi." Ngati inu tilimbikire nagawa, galimoto adzaleka. Ndipo kukatseka makhalidwe ati zitsanzo. Makhalidwe ofanana ndi ndondomeko: umatchedwa kuti muchite chinachake, ndipo amachita zimenezo. Choncho, deta ndi ntchito paokha musati chitsanzo chenicheni dziko akutsutsa mosabvuta.

Polankhula

The chinthu OOP ankayimiridwa ngati akonzedwa deta ndi ntchito. njira kuti amatchedwa ntchito membala mu C ++ yekha, amalola kupeza mtengo wake. Izi zili zobisika ndi kutetezedwa kusintha. Matanthauzo ndi ntchito ndi encapsulated chimodzi. Encapsulation ndi upryatyvanie - Kunena mwachidule pofotokoza zilankhulo chinthu olaula.

Ngati mukufuna kusintha deta, izo amadziwa zimene zimagwira ntchito ndi banja lake. Palibe njira ina sangathe kupeza iwo. Zimenezi zimatithandiza kulemba, debugging, ndi kukonza pulogalamu.

yofunsira ambiri imakhala zinthu zingapo zomwe kucheza ndi mzake, kuchititsa ntchito membala wa.

Lero, lofalitsidwa koposa ntchito chinenero OOP (chinthu wokonda mapulogalamu) - C ++ (kuphatikiza kuphatikiza). Mu Java sadziwa zina monga anatchulapo, zidindo ndi angapo cholowa, zomwe zimachititsa kuti zochepa wamphamvu ndi ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana kuposa C ++. C # sanabadwe anafika kutchuka C ++.

Tikumbukenso kuti otchedwa ntchito membala mu njira C ++ otchedwa zina zinenero chinthu wokonda monga Smalltalk. Zinthu deta akutchedwa makhalidwe. Kuitana njira chinthu ndi kutumiza mauthenga.

kufanizira

Inu mukhoza kulingalira zinthu m'madi- kampaniyo. Mu mabungwe ambiri, antchito sizikugwira ntchito tsiku lina ndi ndodo, zotsatirazi overcharging malipiro, kenako sabata kuchita malonda ritelo. Aliyense dipatimenti ali ndodo yake, ndi ntchito bwino anapatsidwa. Pali mwini deta: zizindikiro malipiro malonda mlandu ndodo, etc. Anthu m'madipatimenti a ntchito ndi mfundo zawo ... Kudulidwa kwa kampani Choncho, facilitates kulamulira unathandiza ndi kupitiriza kusamala deta okhulupirika. Mlandu ndi amene kopeleka malipiro. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa chiwerengero cha malipiro operekedwa nthambi kum'mwera mu July, safuna wofufuza zakale lapansi. Chakwanira kutumiza cholemba kwa munthu udindo, kudikira mpaka munthu amene angapeze deta ndi amatumiza poyankha mfundo anapempha. Izi zipangitsa zoletsedwa ndi malamulo ndiponso kusapezeka kwa kusokonezedwa kunja. Mu njira yomweyo chinthu mu PLO lili bungwe ntchito.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti lathu la zinthu satsatira mfundo za pulogalamu ya ntchito. malangizo ambiri C ++ ntchito limafanana ndi zilankhulo procedural monga C. Ndipotu ntchito membala mu C ++ ofanana kwambiri ntchito mu C. Only nkhani timapangira adzalola kukhazikitsa ngati malangizo procedural kapena chinthu olaula.

The chinthu OOP: Tanthauzo

Pokambirana vuto mapulogalamu mu chinenero chinthu wokonda m'malo mafunso okhudza magawano ake mu ntchito osiyana ndi vuto kumanga kulekana. OOP maganizo ndi zosavuta kukhala ofunsira. Ichi ndi chifukwa kufanana kwa mapulogalamu ndi zinthu zenizeni.

Kodi mtundu wa zinthu zinthu mu OOP? Pano pali magulu lililonse.

Thupi chinthu OOP - ndi:

• zoyendera otaya zitsanzo;
• zigawo magetsi mu mapulogalamu dera kukonzedwa
• chuma dziko chitsanzo;
• ndege mu dongosolo mpweya magalimoto kulamulira.

Zochitika za chilengedwe kompyuta malangizo:

• menyu;
• mazenera;
• zithunzi (mzere, rectangle, bwalo);
• kiyibodi, mbewa, chosindikizira, litayamba abulusa.

anthu;

• anthu ogwira ntchito;
• ophunzira;
• makasitomala;
• Wogulitsa.

mderali:

• Buku kusunga;
• payekha;
• dictionary;
• tebulo la M'madera a zitunda ndi longitudes midzi.

Communication wa dziko lenileni akutsutsa ndi PLO Kodi zotsatira za kuphatikiza ntchito deta ndi kuyigwiritsa iwo zinasinthiratu mapulogalamu a. Chotero machesi pafupi m'zinenero procedural kumeneko.

kalasi

Zinthu mu PLO - membala kalasi. Kodi zikutanthauza chiyani? Mapulogalamu zinenero amanga-mu mitundu deta. Mtundu Int, T. E. An inteja kuti anakonzeratu mu C ++. Mukhoza kulengeza chiwerengero cha zosintha Int.

Mofananamo, kuchuluka kwa zinthu chimafotokozera kalasi imodzi. Iwo amasonyeza ntchito ndi deta m'gulu malowo sikukupanga iwo, komanso ndi Int sikulenga zosintha.

Maphunziro mu PLO - ikulongosola za zinthu zambiri zofanana. Prince, kuluma ndiponso Madonna ndi oimba. Palibe wina ndi dzina limenelo, koma anthu angatchedwe choncho, ngati iwo ali ndi makhalidwe oyenera. OOP chinthu - chitsanzo ichi.

cholowa

Mu moyo, makalasi anawagawa subclasses. Mwachitsanzo, nyama anawagawa achule, nyama, mbalame, tizilombo ndi zina zotero. D.

Mfundo mtundu uwu magawano ndi kuti aliyense subclass lili ndi zinthu wamba ndi kalasi imene. magalimoto onse ndi mawilo ndi mota. Ichi ndi makhalidwe liwulo a galimoto. Kuwonjezera pa makhalidwe onse a lililonse subclass ali makhalidwe yake. Pali ambiri basi mipando ndi magalimoto ndi danga kunyamula katundu wolemera.

Mofananamo, kalasi m'munsi kungakhale subclass kholo opangidwa kuchokera angapo amene amawamasulira kuti iwo adzasangalala makhalidwe yake ndi Kuwonjezera a. Madalitso ngati ntchito, kusintha pulogalamu procedural. Ngati magawo angapo a code akuchita wokongola kwambiri yemweyo, mukhoza kuchotsa zinthu wamba ndi kuziika mu ndondomeko limodzi. Atatu ntchito m'dera angakhoze kumutcha ntchito zoti zochita wamba, koma iwo zingabweretse ndi ntchito yake. Mofananamo, kalasi m'munsi muli mfundo wamba gulu la ofanana nawo. A ntchito zofanana amachepetsa cholowa cha chinthu wokonda pulogalamu ndi kulongosola bwino ubale wa zanyengo.

yobwezeretsanso

Kamodzi kalasi analengedwa ndi debugged, akhoza kunditumiza ku mapulogalamu ena kuti zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito mafomu anu. Ziri ngati laibulale ya ntchito zimene zikhoza m'gulu ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Mu OOP, cholowa ndi kutambasuka kwa lingaliro la ntchito angapo. Kuyambira kalasi alipo, popanda kusintha, tikhoza kupanga munthu watsopano ndi Kuwonjezera ntchito zina. The chomasuka adzathe kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu wogwila - mwayi yofunika ya PLO. Akukhulupirira kuti apereke profitability kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama koyamba.

Kupanga mitundu yatsopano deta

Facilities yabwino kwa chilengedwe cha mitundu yatsopano deta. Tiyerekeze dongosolo amagwiritsa mfundo ziwiri azithunzi omwe tikunena (mwachitsanzo ndondomeko kapena kumpoto ndi longitude), ndipo amakhala ndi chikhumbo kufotokoza zimene masamu pa iwo:

position1 = malo + chiyambi,

kumene position1, malo ndi chiyambi - awiri mfundo palokha lapadera. Kupanga gulu limene zikuphatikizapo mfundo ziwirizi, ndi zachitikadi variable zinthu zake amalenga latsopano mtundu deta.

Polymorphism, overloading

Ntchito = (ofanana), ndipo + (kuphatikiza) ntchito masamu Pamalo pamwamba sachita komanso anamanga-mitundu, monga Int. Malo zinthu ndi ena. Kodi chinakonzedweratu ndipo anapereka mapulogalamu. Kodi ntchito izi mukudziwa kuzigwiritsa ntchito? Yankho lake lagona pa choona kuti makhalidwe akhoza anapereka iwo. ntchito zimenezi zidzakhala membala ntchito Maphunziro udindo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kapena njira kutengera akulimbikira wotchedwa polymorphism. Pamene pali woyendetsa, monga + kapena =, amakhala ndi mwayi ntchito ndi mtundu watsopano deta, akuti kuti mwadzaza. Zimamuchulukira mu PLO - mtundu wa polymorphism. Ndi mbali kofunika.

Buku pa PLO "chinthu wokonda mapulogalamu kwa Dummies" adzalola aliyense timudziwe bwino nkhaniyi mwatsatanetsatane.