Preprocessor CSS: mwachidule, kusankha, ntchito

Mwamtheradi onse odziwa ukonde okonza ntchito preprocessor. Palibe kupatula. Ngati mukufuna bwino ntchito imeneyi, musaiwale za pulogalamu imeneyi. Koyamba, mwina chifukwa novice chete mantha - ndi ofanana kwambiri mapulogalamu ndi! Ndipotu, mukhoza kuthana ndi mbali zonse za CSS preprocessor kwa tsiku, ndipo ngati inu kuyesa, ndiye maola angapo. M'tsogolo, iwo kwambiri moyo wosalira wanu.

Kodi CSS preprocessor

Kumvetsetsa makhalidwe njira imeneyi, mwachidule wofufuza mbiri ya ulaliki zithunzi pa Intaneti.

Pamene kokha ayamba ntchito yaikulu Intaneti, palibe mapepala kalembedwe kulibe. Akuphedwa zikalata kunkadalira pa osatsegula. Aliyense wa iwo anali masitaelo zawo zagwiritsidwa ntchito zochizira Tags ena. Choncho, masamba ndi kuyang'ana osiyanasiyana malingana ndi ndondomeko imene osatsegula mumatsegula iwo. Zotsatira - ndi chisokonezeko, chisokonezo mavuto chifukwa Madivelopa.

Mu 1994, Norway wasayansi Håkon Bodza anayamba pepala kalembedwe kuti akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito maonekedwe a masamba padera ku HTML-chikalata. Mamembala lingaliro priglanulas wa W3C, amene nthawi yomweyo ananyamuka zitakwanira. Patapita zaka zingapo, iye anatulutsa Baibulo loyamba la CSS mfundo. Kenaka nthawi zonse bwino, ikulembedwa ... Koma lingaliro anakhalabe onse yemweyo: lililonse kalembedwe anapereka katundu wina.

Ntchito matebulo CSS nthawizonse wakhala mabvuto. Mwachitsanzo, ukonde okonza Nthawi zambiri mavuto ndi kusanja ndi grouping zizindikiro ndi cholowa si yapafupi.

Ndiyeno kunabwera awiri zikwizikwi. Kulemba ambiri anayamba kuchita kutukula akatswiri kutsogolo-yotsiriza, chimene chiri chofunika kukhala okonzeka kusintha ndi zazikulu ntchito masitaelo. Analipo pa nthawi adamfunsa CSS prefixes mayikidwe ndi kutsatira thandizo maluso atsopano a osatsegula. Ndiye, ndi JavaScript ndi Ruby akatswiri anatsika ku ntchito, kupanga preprocessor - superstructure kwa CSS, zatsopano akuwonjezeka izo.

CSS kwa oyamba: preprocessor mbali

Iwo ndi ntchito zingapo:

• pogwirizanitsa prefixes osatsegula ndi khaki;

• wosalira malembedwe;

• kupereka mwayi ntchito ndi selectors Mathithiŵa popanda zolakwika;

• bwino mfundo makongoletsedwe.

Mwachidule: ndi preprocessor anawonjezera CSS mphamvu mapulogalamu maganizo. Tsopano, makongoletsedwe si anachita pa mndandanda mmene zililimu masitaelo ndi njira zingapo zosavuta ndi njira: zosintha, ntchito, hagfish, m'zinthu zinthu. Komanso, luso logwiritsa ntchito masamu.

Kuona kutchuka izi pokha-ins, ndi W3C anayamba pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezera kuthekera iwo mu CSS code. Mwachitsanzo, mu mfundo kotero apo calc () Ntchito, amene amapereka mwa asakatuliwa ambiri. Zikuoneka kuti posachedwapa kukhala zotheka zosintha ndi kulenga hagfish. Komabe, izi zidzachitika m'tsogolo, ndipo preprocessors kale pano ndi kale ntchito bwino.

Popular preprocessors CSS. Sass

Zokha mu 2007. Poyamba chigawo chimodzi Haml - Chinsinsi HTML. Zatsopano kwa zinthu CSS kulamulira kutukula anatengerapo pa Ruby pa njanji, umene unayamba kufalikira kulikonse. The Sass nambala yaikulu zinthu zimene tsopano m'gulu preprocessor iliyonse: zosintha, embedding wa selectors, hagfish (pamenepo, mikangano imeneyi si zidzawonjezedwa).

Kulengeza zosintha mu Sass

Zosintha ananena ndi $ chizindikiro. Iwo akhoza kukhala katundu wawo ndi akanema, mwachitsanzo: "$ borderSolid: 1px olimba wofiira;". Muchisanzo chimenechi, ife anatchedwa variable otchedwa borderSolid ndi kupulumutsidwa kufunika 1px olimba wofiira. Tsopano, ngati CSS timafunikira kuti akonze wofiira malire m'lifupi 1px, chabe limasonyeza kuti variable dzina katundu. Mawu akuti zosintha ndi sizingasinthidwe. Pali anamanga-mu ntchito zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, yolengeza variable ndi mtengo wa $ redcolor # FF5050. Tsopano, mu CSS kachidindo mu katundu wa mbali iliyonse, ntchito kukhazikitsa wosasintha mtundu: tsa {mtundu: $ redColor; }. Kodi mukufuna kuyesa mtundu? Gwiritsani ntchito mdima kapena kuchepetsa. Izi zachitika kuti: tsa {mtundu: mdima ($ redColor, 20%); }. Motero, mtundu redColor adzakhala 20% mbandakucha.

The Sass ambiri anamanga-mu ntchito. Worth osachepera kuwerenga iwo, koma bwino - kuphunzira.

kukaikira mazira

Poyamba, kusonyeza kukaikira mazira anali kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi wovuta kamangidwe. Tiyerekeze kuti tili ndi div, amene ali tsa, ndipo mmenemo, nayenso anapereka chikhatho chimodzi. Pakuti div, tiyenera kukhazikitsa wosasintha mtundu wofiira, P - chikasu, pakuti nthawi ya - pinki. Mu CSS lililonse izo zikanati zidzachitike motere:

div {

mtundu: wofiira;

}

div tsa {

mtundu: lachikasu;

}

div tsa chikhato {

mtundu: pinki;

}

Ndi CSS preprocessor onse mosavuta ndi zambiri yaying'ono:

div {

mtundu: wofiira;

tsa {

mtundu: lachikasu;

.span {

mtundu: pinki;

}

}

}

Zochitika limatanthauza "padera" wina ndi mnzake.

preprocessor malangizo

Kugwiritsa @import malangizo mukhoza kuitanitsa owona. Mwachitsanzo, tili fonts.sass file kuti watero masitaelo kwa zilembo. Lumikizani ku waukulu file style.sass: @import 'zilembo. Mwachita! M'malo limodzi file lalikulu ndi masitayilo a tili ndi anthu ochepa amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito mwayi yachidule ndi yosavuta katundu chofunika.

hagfish

Imodzi mwa mfundo zosangalatsa kwambiri. Timatha mzere umodzi kufunsa ya katundu. Ntchito motere:

@mixin largeFont {

wosasintha-banja: 'Times Chatsopano Roma;

wosasintha kukula: 64px;

mzere-kutalika: 80px;

wosasintha kulemera: wolimba;

}

Hagfish kutsatira amafotokozera pa tsamba, gwiritsani ntchito malangizo @include. Mwachitsanzo, tikufuna ntchito kwa H1 chamutu. Tili kapangidwe zotsatirazi: H1 {@include: largeFont; }

katundu onse hagfish amapatsidwa mchitidwe H1.

preprocessor Zochepa

Malembedwe Sass anati mapulogalamu. Ngati mukufuna njira kuti ndi yabwino kwa oyamba kumene kuphunzira CSS, kuyang'ana Zochepa. Izo analengedwa mu 2009. Mbali yaikulu - kuthandiza CSS malembedwe mbadwa, kotero sankadziwa mapulogalamu Imposer kudzakhala kosavuta kuphunzira.

zosintha The amayesedwa ntchito @ chizindikiro. Mwachitsanzo: @fontSize: 14px. ntchito kukaikira mazira pa mfundo yomweyo monga Sass. Hagfish kulengezedwa motere: .largeFont () {wosasintha-banja: 'Times Chatsopano Roma; wosasintha kukula: 64px; mzere-kutalika: 80px; wosasintha kulemera: wolimba; }. Kulumikiza si koyenera kugwiritsira ntchito preprocessor malangizo - basi kuwonjezera hagfish kumene olengedwa katundu wa amafotokozera anasankha. Mwachitsanzo: H1 {.largeFont; }.

cholembera

preprocessor wina. Analengedwa mu 2011 ndi mlembi yemweyo, amene anapereka dziko yade, Express ndi zina zothandiza.

Zosintha akhoza analengeza mu njira ziwiri - kaya motsimikizira kapena wonse. Mwachitsanzo: wosasintha = 'Times Chatsopano Roma; - ndi silinatchulidwe mwina. Koma $ wosasintha = 'Times Chatsopano Roma' - bwino. Hagfish amayesedwa ndi mtima wonse chikugwirizana. malembedwe ali motere: redColor () Mtundu wofiira. Tsopano ife tikhoza kuwonjezera katunduyo Mwachitsanzo: H1 redColor ().

Cholembera pa Koyamba zingaoneke zovuta kuzimvetsa. Ali "nzika" m'mabokosi ndi semicolons? Koma m'pofunika agwera mu izo, zonse chimayamba kuonekera kwambiri. Komabe, kumbukirani kuti nthaŵi yaitali chitukuko cha preprocessor izi zikhoza "kuyamwa" inu ntchito powerenga CSS malembedwe. Izi nthawi zina amayambitsa mavuto pamene kugwira ntchito ndi kalembedwe "choyera".

Kodi preprocessor kusankha?

Ndipotu, ndi ... zilibe kanthu. Mabaibulo chilichonse za zinthu zomwezo basi malembedwe aliyense ali osiyana. Mpofunika Zitatero motere:

• ngati inu - mapulogalamu ndi kumagwira ntchito ndi masitayilo onse code, ntchito Sass;
• ngati inu - ndi coder ndipo ndikufuna ntchito ndi masitayilo monga ndi kamangidwe ochiritsira, kulabadira Wamng'ono;
• ngati mukufuna Minimalism, ntchito cholembera.

Pakuti mitundu yonse ya nambala wosatha wa malaibulale chidwi kuti ngakhale zina wosalira chitukuko. Ogwiritsa Sass analimbikitsa kulabadira COMPASS - chida champhamvu ndi zinthu zambiri anamanga-mu. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo kukhazikitsa inu simudzakhala nawo nkhawa bizinezi Baibulo manambala oyambirira. Zimatithandiza ntchito ndi grids. Pali zida ntchito ndi maluwa, sprites. osiyanasiyana A atalengeza kale hagfish. Perekani chida ichi masiku angapo - chotero adzapulumutsa kwambiri nthawi ndi khama m'tsogolo.