Pyotr Chaadaev - Russian wolemba, katswiri wa nzeru ndi woganiza

Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev owerenga zonse kudziwa zambiri kenanso ngati bwenzi ndipo addressee ya Pushkin, wolemba ndakatulo kwambiri amene anadzipereka ena a ndakatulo zake zazikulu. geniuses awiri awa anakumana m'chilimwe cha 1816 pa phwando Karamzin. Seventini chaka chimodzi dzina lake Aleksandr Pushkin adakali pa sukulu ya sekondale, ndi makumi awiri atatu Peter Chaadaev ndi nthawi iyi anali wanzeru nkhondowo Ofisala, fungo la onga mu nkhondo ya Borodino ndi kutenga nawo mbali pa ntchito yachilendo asilikali. Peter anatumikira mu Moyo alonda Hussar Regiment pamalo Tsarskoye Selo. Muzicheza iwo kale pang'ono kenako, pamene Pushkin maphunziro maphunziro ake pa Lyceum.

Chaadaev Petr Yakovlevich ndi dzina lake Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin

Chaadayev maphunziro kwambiri, iye anali ndi malingaliro zapadera choncho mukopedwe mapangidwe maganizo moti achinyamata ndakatulo. Iwo anali kwambiri kukambirana anzeru ndi kutsutsana koopsa, Mapeto zonse zidzafika ku autocratic Russia ndi zofooka zake zonse - chosowa ufulu, serfdom, olemera ndi opondereza m'mlengalenga anapambana kulikonse pa nthawi. The Lathu freethinkers anzake pa nthawi iliyonse anali okonzeka kuthera wake "moyo gusts lalikulu" ( "Kuti Chaadaev", 1818).

Iwo komanso sankaloledwa mpumulo, ndipo ndi akatswiri zolembalemba lingaliro. bwenzi wawo ukhale Ya. I. Saburov anati Chaadayev zotsatira zodabwitsa pa Pushkin, kum'pangitsa kwambiri nthanthi lingaliro. Peter Y. anakhala mmodzi wa anzake kwambiri a Alexander, ndipo ngakhale nawo ntchito kwa commutation chiganizo wake pamene iye anagwera kusangalala ndi mfumu. Chotero ine ukapolo, choyamba Siberia kapena obisika Solovetsky, Koma ndi chifukwa zosayembekezereka anali kugwirizana kum'mwera ndi utumiki lomasuliridwa Bessarabia.

zitasintha chuma

Ubwenzi pakati pa anthu otchuka awiri anapitiriza makalata, imene Pushkin zambiri anavomereza kuti ubwenzi wake ndi Chaadayev m'malo chimwemwe ndiponso kuti munthu angathe kukonda moyo wake ozizira a mlakatuli Ndi. Mu 1821, Alexander amaganiziranso iye ndakatulo yake, "mu dziko kumene ine ndayiwala nkhawa za zaka zam'mbuyo ..." "Kodi ozizira chikaiko?" (1824). Zolengedwa zonse za izi ndi pangano kwa mtima wofuna Pushkin kwa bwenzi wake wamkulu awathandize bwinobwino, adapasa iye dzina mchiritsi mphamvu zawo maganizo.

Chaadaev anali pantchito yabwino, koma pambuyo kugalukira Semenov Regiment anatula pansi (monga Peter Y. akuwonetseredwa wake malo otsutsa). The zaka ziwiri anakhala mu ulesi, anasiya kukonza thanzi lawo ku Ulaya, ndipo izi Adam'teteza ku December yamkuntho. zaka zonse wotsatira, iye ankavutikanso maganizo, mavuto wamphamvu wauzimu, wovulala choopsa chifukwa cha chilengedwe zenizeni zokhumudwitsa. Nthawi zonse kuganizira za tsogolo la Russia. Onse a anthu otchuka apamwamba, anthu otchuka ndi atsogoleri anawatcha ziphuphu, mbuli, akapolo woipitsitsa ndi zokwawa mu ukapolo.

M'dzinja oyambirira 1826 mu Moscow pafupifupi imodzi anabwerera Alexander Pushkin ndi Petr Chaadaev. Axamwali anakumana naye bwenzi tonse S. lake A. Sobolevskogo, kumene ndakatulo iyi ankadziwa bwino ndakatulo zake zonse "Boris Godunov" kenako iwo anapita okonzera Zenaida Volkonsky. Patapita kanthawi, Pushkin anapatsa bwenzi lake Peter, ntchito zazikulu.

Peter Chaadaev: "nthanthi Letters"

M'zaka 1829-1830 ndi kutsutsa lakuthwa chikhalidwe wagwa pa Nikolaev Russian publicist ndipo analemba wotchuka wake "nthanthi Letters". Woyamba ndi nkhani, kalata Petro Chaadaev, Pushkin, wolemba ndakatulo otchulidwa za mu kalata yake yopita kwa mnzake pakati chilimwe 1831. Kuzilengeza kale mu 1836 mu "zakutali", pomwe A. I. Gertsen analemba kuti mwambo umenewu anawomberedwa Belo mu usiku wa mdima.

Pushkin anaganiza kuyankha ndipo analemba reply kalata wolemba, ndi amakhalabe unsent. Mu ananena kuti kutsutsako Chaadaeva za Russian moyo wapoyera, m'njira zambiri kwambiri zoona ndiponso kuti iye analinso sakugwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti padziko ndikupita, koma Pushkin malumbiro kulemekeza kuti palibe kanthu chimene sasintha kwawo ndipo sanafune Ndikufuna akhala wosiyana kuposa mbiri ya makolo ake amene anawatumiza kwa Mulungu.

Chifukwa, "Telescope" chinatsekedwa mkonzi N. I. Nadezhdina ku Siberia, ndipo Chaadaev ananena misala, ndi kuika pansi pa zonse zachipatala ndi apolisi kuyang'aniridwa. Chaadaev bwino kwambiri Pushkin monga bwenzi lake lalikulu, iye anali onyadira ndi, ndimasangalala ubwenzi wawo ndi Pushkin amatchedwa "wachisomo mwapang'ono." Mu zaka wotsatira, ngakhale iwo anapitiriza nawo mu Moscow, koma kuti poyamba ubwenzi wochezeka adapitilira.

yonena

Peter Chaadaev, amene yonena kwake nkhaniyi, anali ochokera m'banja lolemera wolemekezeka ndi mzere akuchikazi anali mdzukulu wa mbiri komanso academician M. M. Scherbatova. Iye anabadwa pa May 27, 1794 ndipo amasiye oyambirira, bambo ake anamwalira tsiku pambuyo pa kubadwa kwake, ndipo mayi wake - mu 1797.

Peter, pamodzi ndi mbale wake Michael anakwatira ku dera Nizhny Novgorod pa maphunziro mu Moscow azakhali - Mfumukazi Anna Mihaylovna Scherbatova. Guardian ya ana anakhala mwamuna wake - Prince D. M. Scherbatov. Anakhala Silver Lane, pa Arbat, pafupi ndi St. Nicholas Church Jawlensky.

ntchito

Mu zaka 1807-1811 anakapezeka nkhani pa University Moscow, kucheza ndi A. S. Griboedovym Decembrist N. I. Turgenevym, I. D. Yakushkinym ndi ena. Kumasiyana osati maganizo ndi makhalidwe chidziko, komanso mbiri ya wokondedwa, ndipo wokongola. Mu 1812, iye anatumikira mu Semenov, ndiye mu Akhtyrka hussar Regiment. Iye anakhala nawo Nkhondo ya Borodino, ndipo pambuyo pa nkhondo anayamba kutumikira Mapu ndipo mu 1819 analandira udindo wa mkulu.

Pambuyo chipolowe mu Semenov Regiment iye kalata yosiya wake, ndipo mu 1821 analowa Society wa Decembrists mu 1823 namuka. Kumeneko anakakhala nawo nkhani za nzeru zapamwamba Schelling, napereka naye pa ubwenzi ndikusinthidwa maganizo ake ndi zinthu.

chamanyazi

Atabwerera ku Russia mu 1826, Peter Chaadaev ankakhala pafupi seclusion. Pakumala anachita kulemba wotchuka wake "nthanthi Letters", umene unali isanu ndi itatu yokha. kalata yake yomaliza pambuyo makina mu "Telescope" mu 1836 adzakhala otsutsa takambirana mu m'nyumba iliyonse. Tanthauzo lake ndi kuti Russia anasiya dziko chikhalidwe chitukuko cha anthu Russian - ichi ndi kusiyana m'njira wololera kuli anthu. Herzen anali mmodzi mwa anthu ochepa amene anathandiza mfundo nzeru zapamwamba za Russian zoipa. Chaadayev anakwiyitsa izi akuluakulu a boma ndipo anali mwalamulo ananena misala.

Zimenezi zingachitike a boma ndi anthu agwirizana chiweruzo Chaadaeva anakakamizika kusintha maganizo awo, ndipo patatha chaka analemba "Apology wa wamisala", kumene kale zinthu ziyenda bwino kwambiri pa tsogolo la Russia.

zaka wake womaliza padziko mumzinda wa New Basman wodzichepetsa ndi wopanda ngakhale Moscow anthu limanena kuti iye freak zachilendo, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, lilime lake lakuthwa, ambiri mantha kwambiri.

Chaadayev anafa April 14, 1856, anaikidwa mu manda a Donskoy ansembe yotchedwa mu Moscow.

Kuthi nzeru

Yekha amatchedwa "nzeru Mkhristu." Petra Chaadaeva nzeru akhoza kukhala mwachindunji bwinobwino, n'zosatheka mokwanira kuwerenga chimodzi chokha cha ntchito zake. Zimenezi zimafuna kuphunzira uthunthu wonse wa zolemba zake ndi makalata payekha. Pambuyo chabe tinapeza kuti chinthu chachikulu pa udindo wake anali worldview achipembedzo kuti si mwa kuchuluka kwa Chikatolika, Chiprotestanti Orthodoxy. Kuchokera kaonedwe ka chiphunzitso wosakwatira iye ankafuna kupereka kutanthauzira watsopano onse chikhalidwe mbiri ndi nzeru za anthu. maphunziro ake nthanthi achipembedzo ankakhulupirira chipembedzo cha m'tsogolo, cholinga kwa mitima odzipereka komanso chozama akusamba, ndipo zilibe lifanane ndi azaumulungu a zipembedzo. Apa iye amakhala ofanana Tolstogo Lva Nikolaevicha, amene chimodzimodzi zovuta ndi chisoni zowawa vuto lauzimu.

Peter Chaadaev anadziŵa Malemba, ndi wodziwa bwino za mu izo. Komabe, funso chachikulu kuti akufuna kupeza yankho anali "chinsinsi cha nthawi" ndipo tanthauzo la mbiri ya anthu. mayankho onse anali kuyang'ana mu Chikhristu.

"Monga diso la chifundo yasnovidyasche - ndiko nzeru za Chikhristu" - analemba Pyotr Chaadaev. Quotes amuthandize kupeza anamuzindikira kwambiri, mu chimodzi cha izo zikuwoneka ngati mneneri, chifukwa analemba kuti sosholisimu adzakwanilitse, mu maganizo ake, osati chifukwa ali bwino, koma chifukwa adani yolakwika.

United mpingo

Iye anakhulupirira kuti lingaliro lalikulu ndi sicholinga cha anthu ayenera kukhazikitsidwa kwa Ufumu wa Mulungu padziko lapansi kudzera mwa chitukuko makhalidwe, ndipo amayendetsa ndondomeko imeneyi ya motsogoleredwa ndi Mulungu. Kunja kwa Christianity, iye sanali kuimila kuli mbiri ndi umunthu wa Ufumu wa Mulungu opanda mpingo. Ndipo apa ife motsindika pano Chaadayev analankhula za mpingo umodzi, osati ogaŵikana zipembedzo zosiyana. Ndi kuti adawona tanthauzo lenileni la chiphunzitso cha chikhulupiriro mu mpingo umodzi - kudzera chipangizo dongosolo wangwiro padziko lapansi, amatchedwa ufumu wa Mulungu. Kodi nthawi yomweyo kukumbukira kuti chikhulupiriro Orthodox, Ufumu wa Mulungu - zinsinsi lingaliro kuti zikadzatha moyo weniweniwo padziko lapansi (pambuyo Chivumbulutso).

Chaadaev ankaganiza kuti chikhulupiriro Muslim ndi ofunika kwambiri kwa Choonadi. United Christian Church, omwe unagawanika mu zipembedzo - kuti ndi umunthu weniweni wa Mulungu. Zipembedzo zonse mwadzidzidzi amasankha waukulu wa Katolika, umene amati kwakukulukulu ikuchitika dongosolo la Mulungu. Mtsutso waukulu anaitana chitukuko mkulu chikhalidwe cha azungu. Malinga ndi iye, Russia wapereka kanthu ndi chikhalidwe dziko "suno yawo pa dziko lapansi." Iye limanenela anthu Russian naona chifukwa Russia anatengera Orthodoxy ku Byzantium.

Pomaliza

Koma ndiye mosamala kwambiri ndi Dziwani kuti izi maganizo ake onse kwakukulukulu ongolankhula mu chikhalidwe, chifukwa onse moyo wake kuziganizira yekha chikale ndipo ngakhale kwambiri anakwiya pamene panali mphekesera zokhudza kusintha ake Chikatolika.

Pang'ono thovu mu tiganizira wake nthanthi pambuyo kukana Providence ku tsogolo la Russia, mu 1837, mwadzidzidzi analemba pepala lotchedwa "Apology wa wamisala ndi", amene kale akulankhula za mapeto lalikulu la Russia, udindo wake apadera mwa Ambuye.