Russia anali otani cha m'ma XIX? Chidule cha "Mfundo za Hunter"

Ine ndiyamba my za ambuye chabwino cha mawu, kubadwa mwa dziko Russian, ndi yanthaŵi wina zabwino. Chochitika, iyeyo nthaŵi akuyamikira ndi kukumbukira kangapo. Ndi Ivanu Sergeevichu Turgenevu pasiteshoni ya sitima yaing'ono anafika osema awiri ndi pafupi, kodi n'zoona amakumana woyambitsa "Mfundo za Hunter". Kumva yankho inde, iwo onse anagwada naye m'chiuno, kunena kuti anali - uta wa anthu Russian (pakati - kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII kudziwa mwachidule "Mfundo za Hunter" anali chizindikiro cha kukoma zabwino). Ndikhulupirireni, wokondedwa owerenga, kuti sizinali anapupuluma kubatizidwa achinyamata. Zinali chionetsero chachikulu cha mbali lenileni la wolemba mu chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom.

Tiyeni titsegule ku bukhu khalidwe. Pachiyambi, tiona: pa zolembedwazi mbuye mlingo - ndakatulo mu prose - anali anthu awiri okha: Gogol ndi Turgenev. Disclosing mwachidule "Mfundo za Hunter" ayenera kuyamba ndi nkhani ndakatulo ndi wochenjera Turgenev a "Polecat ndi Kalinych". lingaliro Aika - kuti yapakati-Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira ubwenzi wa anthu awiri - Ambuye ndi serf, zotheka, mwina yekha mu Russia. Modekha, anayeza mfundo mwininyumba polecat mogwirizana lowonjezera Kalinych maganizo.

The protagonist wa Turgenev yolusa pamodzi nyimbo "Maulendo ..." - m'chikondi ndi yaing'ono kunyumba ŵakusanga mwininyumba wake wa chigawocho Oryol. M'malo mwa wapaulendo ndi chernozems mbadwa ndi expounds Turgenev "Mfundo za Hunter". zili nkhaniyo ali nkhope ambiri: mlenje anamva anyamata amene anabweretsa akavalo usiku ( "Bezhin dambo"), ndiye achifundo limatiuza za yokhudza wowerengeka nyimbo ( "oimba"), ndiye kuwauza chinsinsi - wa munthu ŵakusanga angatchedwe chikumbumtima chake mbadwa dziko za Mulungu Anayendayenda Kasyanov Chokongola Malupanga.

Turgenev adalenga kotero luso wangwiro ndi okongola, zithunzi chenicheni cha wamba, wosalabadira bourgeoisie, anthu wamba, kuti kugwa pa chikondi ndi iwo owerenga tcheru, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, "Mfundo za Hunter" ndi buku woona ndi m'nyimbo za anthu Russian m'ma XIX atumwi. Landlordism anali ndiye mawonekedwe chachikulu cha ulimi. Komabe, masiku ano Ivan Sergeyevich landlords anali pa wachikoka awo imperious ndi makhalidwe uli kutali ndi kukhala Catherine fuko lomveka ( "rasipiberi Madzi"). Popanga mwachidule "Mfundo za Hunter," tinganenenso kuti serfdom m'zaka za m'ma XIX, kwathunthu watopa. Panalibe kwambiri kuti anamvetsa landlords zoweta kusamalira akapolo awo ankachita arraignment ndi chilango.

Serfs, nayenso, mulibe zilolezo. Mosavuta kuwawa, kuti sakusangalala, iwo sangakhoze malinga ndi msinkhu kutaya eni ndipo miyoyo yawo. N'zosadabwitsa kuti anthu opunduka, kupatutsa anthu kukhala akapolo, serfs akumanidwa zinthu kuthupi ambiri. moyo wowawa zambiri antchito akuchepa kwa uchidakwa, kunama, ulesi. Nthawi zambiri, kusunga banja lonse kuti anaikidwa pa mapewa a akazi, pamene amuna kumwa. Ndipo pamene moyo akukulirakulira, kunabuka opusa ndi wankhanza wamagazi zachiwawa. Dzina lenileni "agogoda!" Wolemba anapatsa mmodzi mwa ntchito zake. Ganizo chiopsezo cha escalation zachiwawa anthu ndi mwachidule Nkhani zili. "Mfundo za Hunter", ngati unali osamva mwachidule kenako chongoyerekezera nkhani "Mumu" anthu amphamvu wosayankhula mwachimbulimbuli angamvere pafupi, mbuye wosalabadira.

Turgenev nkhani ya mkombero (potsiriza lofalitsidwa mu 1852) ulinso ku kumasulidwa kwa anthu wamba a. Tiyeni tione lingaliro lomaliza (pambuyo pa zonse, ife tikudziwa kale chidule cha "Mfundo za Hunter"). Kwambiri lyric, Ivan Sergeyevich, mosakayikira kudziwa udindo wake kwa anthu. Ngakhale Turgenev sanali kukonda kuluma chinenero, molimba, otsutsiratu ang'ono-apamwamba mumzinda, ankhanza zazing'ono, koma wankhanza, yopapatiza-maganizo, makhalidwe bankirapuse landlords Zverkov, Stegunova, Penochkin anasonyeza mokwanira. Iye anagwiritsa ntchito zamphamvu zambiri chida - Anayesetsa, moyo tsankho choonadi. Pamwamba pa mndandanda wa nkhani, umboni ndi Chronicle, zinakhudza kwambiri kangapo konse kuwerenga izo Russian Mfumu Alexander II. Monga mukudziwa, anthu eni moyamikira anaitana mfumu anathetsa serfdom, kumasula.