Russian Mafuta ndi Makampani Mafuta

chuma mafuta kupereka mphamvu osati lonse la makampani mu dziko lililonse padziko lapansi, koma pafupifupi onse muzochitika za zochita za anthu. Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya mafuta ndi mphamvu zovuta la Russia ndi mafuta ndi gasi gawo.

Mafuta ndi gasi makampani - dzina generic cha zovuta mafakitale kupanga, kayendedwe, processing ndi kameredwe mankhwala omaliza a mafuta ndi gasi processing. Izi mmodzi wa Boma zamphamvu la Russia, makamaka popangidwa ndi bajeti ndi bwino malipiro a dziko, kupereka ndalama posinthana achilendo ndi kusamalila mlingo ndalama dziko.

Mbiri ya chitukuko

Chiyambi cha mapangidwe minda mafuta mu gawo mafakitale akuti ndi 1859, pamene United States kwa mafuta makina pobowola anagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba. Tsopano, mafuta pafupifupi onse yosakongola opangidwa m'zitsime chabe kusiyana kupanga dzuwa. Mu Russia, m'zigawo za mafuta m'zitsime mokhomerera inayamba mu 1864 mu Kuban. Madebiti kupanga panthawi imeneyo anali matani 190 patsiku. Pofuna kupindula kwambiri tcheru kwambiri m'zigawo za mechanization, ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 Russia ankatsogolera mafuta kupanga.

Woyamba m'madera chachikulu cha mafuta m'zigawo anali North Caucasus mu Soviet Russia (Maikop, Grozny) ndi Baku (Azerbaijan). akuwononganso minda izi wamkulu sanachite zosoŵa za makampani osauka khama kwambiri chaonekera kutsegula minda yatsopano. Chifukwa, analembedwa ntchito ndi minda ochepa ku Central Asia, Bashkortostan, Perm ndi dera Kuibyshev, otchedwa Volga-Ural m'munsi unakhazikitsidwa.

Voliyumu ya mafuta opangidwa anafika matani mamiliyoni 31. Mu 60s chiwerengero cha yotengedwa golide wakuda wauka matani mamiliyoni 148, amene 71% imagwera pa dera Volga-Ural. Mu zaka 70 takhala anatulukira ndi kuika mu madipoziti ntchito kwa West Siberia beseni. wambirimbiri madipoziti mpweya anapezeka C mafuta kufufuza.

Mtengo wa mafuta ndi gasi makampani kwa chuma cha Russia

Mafuta ndi mafakitale mpweya amakhudza kwambiri pa chuma Russian. Panopa, ndi maziko mapangidwe bajeti ndi ntchito zamanja zina zambiri za chuma. Mtengo wa ndalama national mwachuluka amadalira mitengo mafuta dziko. Ncho mu Russia, mpweya mphamvu ingathandize kukumana kufunika zoweta kwa mafuta, kupereka mphamvu ya chitetezo cha dziko ndi chopereka kwambiri mphamvu dziko ndi zipangizo chuma.

Ku Russia ali lingamutsatire hydrocarbon angathe. Russian mafuta ndi gasi makampani ndi imodzi mwa utsogoleri wa dziko, kwathunthu likukwaniritsa panopa ndi m'tsogolo mkati kufunika kwa mafuta, gasi ndi mankhwala woyengeka. Kwambiri kuchuluka kwa chuma hydrocarbon ndi zinthu zawo zimagulitsidwa, kupereka kubwezeretsa nkhokwe ndalama. Russian akutenga buku lachiwiri lalikulu kwambiri nkhokwe madzi hydrocarbon pafupifupi 10% gawo. nkhokwe mafuta akhala kufufuza ndipo anayamba mu kuya kwa zigawo 35 Russian.

Mafuta ndi mpweya Makampani: kapangidwe

Pali zingapo structural njira zikuluzikulu zomwe mafuta ndi gasi makampani: makampani kwa m'zigawo za mafuta ndi gasi mayendedwe ndi processing.

• Hydrocarbon kupanga - ndondomeko zovuta kuphatikizapo kufufuza, kuboola, ulimi ndiponso mwachindunji kwa chithandizo chachikulu cha madzi, sulfure ndi zosafunika ena. M'zigawo ndi ikukoka wa mafuta ndi gasi kuti mfundo za ndawala mlandu kampani malonda kapena yunitsi structural, imene zomangamanga kumaphatikizapo chilimbikitso mpope ndi kutsitsi okwerera, kumaliseche wa madzi ndi mafuta.
• Mayendedwe mafuta ndi mpweya ku malo kupanga magawo mlandu, kuti mapurosesa ndi ogula mtheradi ikuchitika mwa payipi, madzi, msewu ndi zoyendera njanji. Mapaipi (nsomba ndi thunthu) ndi njira zambiri ndalama kunyamula chimasanduka, ngakhale makhazikitsidwe mtengo kwambiri ndi kukonza. Payipi zoyendera mafuta ndi gasi usunthire ataliatali, kuphatikizapo m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Yonyamula madzi ntchito mathanki ndi mabwato ndi kusamutsidwa wa ku 320 zikwi. Tonnes anachita aya wautali. Njanji ndi malonda magalimoto Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito yosakongola potumiza mafuta pa mtunda wautali, koma mtengo kwambiri zothandiza maulendo yochepa.
• Processing wa yaiwisi hydrocarbon mphamvu opangidwa kupeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala mafuta. Choyamba, iwo ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafuta ndi zipangizo zina mankhwala processing. Dongosololi ikuchitika pa zomera mafuta fakitale. The processing chomaliza cha mankhwala, malinga mipweya, anawagawa zopangidwa osiyana. Chomaliza kupanga sitepe ndi analandira mwa kusakaniza zosiyanasiyana zigawo zikuluzikulu kuti apeze zikuchokera anakhumba lolingana ndi makamaka mtundu wa mankhwala mafuta.

munda RF

mafuta Russian ndi mafakitale mpweya zikuphatikizapo 2352 otukuka oilfields. Russia yaikulu mafuta ndi gasi dera ndi Western Siberia chathandiza kuti 60% ya onse yotengedwa golide wakuda. Zambiri za mafuta ndi gasi kamapangikira KhantyMansiysk ndi Yamalo m'dera yoyenda yokha. Voliyumu ya ulimi wa mankhwala ena zigawo Akuluakulu a ku Russia:

• Volga-Ural m'munsi - 22%.
• Kum'mawa Siberia - 12%.
• madipoziti kumpoto - 5%.
• Caucasus - 1%.

Chiŵerengero Western Siberia mu gasi ukufika pafupifupi 90%. The madipoziti lalikulu (za zankhaninkhani, 10 kiyubiki mamita) ali mu Urengoy munda mu Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. Voliyumu ya kupanga mafuta zigawo zina za la Russia:

• Far East - 4.3%.
• Volga-Ural gawo - 3.5%.
• Yakutia ndi kum'mawa Siberia - 2.8%.
• Caucasus - 2.1%.

Processing mafuta ndi gasi

Ntchito processing kutembenuza mafuta ndi mpweya mu mankhwala malonda. mankhwala mafuta monga mafuta mafuta, mafuta galimoto, mafuta ndege, dizilo. ndondomeko umaphatikiza kuyenga distillation, zingalowe distillation, othandizira kusintha, akulimbana, alkylation, isomerization ndi hydrotreating.

gasi processing zikuphatikizapo psinjika-amine kuyeretsedwa, glycolic kuyanika. The ndondomeko ya fractionation kumafuna kulekana kwa liquefied gasi mtsinje mu constituent ziwalo: ethane, propane, byuteni, isobutane ndi mafuta achilengedwe.

The makampani waukulu mu Russia

Poyamba, zonse za mafuta ndi gasi waukulu minda yapangidwa yekha ndi boma. Pakali pano, maofesi awa logwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makampani. Total mafuta ndi mafakitale mpweya mu Russia ali oposa 15 makampani akuluakulu migodi, kuphatikizapo odziwika "Gazprom", "Rosneft", "Lukoil", "Surgutneftegaz".

Yaikulu makampani Russian m'munda wa kupanga mafuta ndi processing ndi "Gazprom" ndi "Novatek". Makampani mafuta kutsogolera udindo mu msika wa "Rosneft", monga makampani kutsogolera ndi "Lukoil", "Gazprom Neft" ndi "Surgutneftegaz".

Mafuta ndi gasi makampani: Ndemanga za moyo mu dziko

Ndi chiwerengero cha nkhokwe kutsimikiziridwa mafuta la Russia lili pa nambala chimodzi mu dziko. nkhokwe anatsimikizira ndi amene angathe kutenga pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono ano. Kutsogolera udindo pa dziko amanditenga Venezuela. Kuchuluka kwa nkhokwe mafuta mu dziko - biliyoni 298 mbiya. Kutsimikiziridwa nkhokwe gasi mu Russia ndi zankhaninkhani, 47,6 kiyubiki mamita. Ndi index yoyamba padziko lonse ndi 32% ya okwana dziko. The chachiwiri mpweya katundu m'dzikoli ndi ku Middle East.

Mafuta ndi gasi makampani mu dziko amatilola kuthetsa mavuto zofunika chuma, ndale ndi chikhalidwe. Pamene mpata pa misika mphamvu dziko, ogulitsa ambiri mafuta ndi gasi likuvutika zasungidwa kwa wolowa akuyendera ndalama yaikulu chuma cha dziko, kusonyeza mphamvu kukula yapadera. Zitsanzo olemekezeka tinganene kuti ku mayiko a ku South-West Asia, komanso Norway, ndilo mafakitale chitukuko otsika, chifukwa nkhokwe ya hydrocarbon, ndi limodzi mwa mayiko ambiri wolemera mu Europe.

ziyembekezo chitukuko

mafuta Russian ndi mafakitale mpweya zimadalira yozungulira khalidwe la msika wa Otsutsa chachikulu m'zigawo za: Saudi Arabia ndi United States. Palokha, chiwerengero cha chimasanduka yotengedwa alibe kudziwa mitengo dziko. The index lalikulu ndi kuchuluka m'zigawo mphamvu mafuta umodzi. Mtengo wa yopanga 1 mbiya yosiyana m'mayiko atsogoleri kupanga zosiyana kwambiri: otsika ku Middle East, wapamwamba United States. Pamene vutoli buku la mitengo mafuta akhoza kusintha mu umodzi kapena njira zina.