Serological mayesero: mitundu, ntchito

Laboratory matenda a pafupifupi matenda onse opatsirana zachokera kudziwika kwa magazi chitetezo wodwalayo, amene amapangidwa ndi tizilomboto Antigen, njira serological. Iwo anapita mu ntchito zachipatala mu chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mochedwa - m'ma makumi awiri.

Chitukuko cha sayansi wathandiza kuthandauza kapangidwe antigenic tizilombo ndi kachitidwe mankhwala poizoni awo. N'zotheka kulenga osati achire komanso matenda seramu. Iwo akamagwira kugwiritsira attenuated tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zasayansi nyama. Patapita masiku angapo akuwukha akalulu magazi kapena mbewa anakonza mankhwala ntchito chizindikiritso cha mabakiteriya kapena poizoni pogwiritsa mayesero serological.

Mawonetseredwe chakunja linachepa zimadalira zikhalidwe za chiphunzitso chake ndi boma la antigens mu magazi wodwalayo. Ngati tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ndi particles insoluble, atakhala, lysed, kuyenda kapena womangidwa seramu. Ngati antigens ndi sungunuka, zikuoneka chodabwitsa neutralization kapena mpweya.

agglutination (PA)

Serological agglutination kuyesedwa ndi zenizeni kwambiri. N'zosavuta kuchita ndi momveka bwino mwamsanga kuti azindikire pamaso pa antigens ku seramu mtima. Izo ntchito atakhala Vidal anachita (matenda a typhoid ndi paratyphoid) ndi Weigl (Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi).

Bukuli lili ndi anzake enieni pakati pa chitetezo cha munthu (kapena agglutinins) ndi maselo tating'onoting'ono (agglyutenogenami). Izi zimachitika awo anapanga particles kuti precipitate. Ichi ndi chizindikiro positive. Kuwongola anachita angagwiritsire ntchito moyo kapena wakufa wothandizila tating'onoting'ono, bowa, mogwirizana, maselo magazi ndi maselo somatic.

Mankhwala anachita lagawidwa magawo awiri:

1. Specific chitetezo pawiri (AT) ndi antigens (AG).
2. Non-yeniyeni - ndi mafunsidwe a conglomerates AG-AT, mwachitsanzo mapangidwe agglutinate lapansi.

Chisoni mozungulira agglutination (TPHA)

Zimenezi ndi womvera kuposa m'mbuyomu. Izo ntchito pa matenda a matenda oyamba ndi bakiteriya, okhudza maselo ambiri majeremusi, mogwirizana. Ndi enieni amene amatha kudziwa ngakhale woipa otsika kwambiri a chitetezo.

Pakuti chiphunzitso chake ntchito maselo oyera nkhosa ofiira ndi maselo ofiira a anthu pretreated ndi chitetezo kapena antigens (izo zimatengera chimene labu akufuna kupeza). Nthawi zina, anthu maselo ofiira mankhwala immunoglobulins. Serologic zimene erythrocytes imatengedwa chomveka ngati mpweya kwake kunachitika pansi pa chubu. Anachita zabwino tikhoza kunena pamene maselo imakonzedwa mu mawonekedwe a ambulera mozondoka, agwilitse pansi lonse. Anachita zoipa ndi yagoletsa pamene maselo ofiira kukhazikika mu mawonekedwe a mzati kapena mabatani pakati pansi.

mpweya anachita (RP)

zochita Serological wa mtundu uwu kutumikira kudziwa particles yaing'ono kwambiri antigens. Izi zikhoza kukhala Mwachitsanzo, mapuloteni (kapena zigawo zake), mankhwala mapulotini ndi lipids kapena chakudya, mbali ya mabakiteriya ndi poizoni awo.

Sera kwa zimene analandira ndi infestation yokumba nyama, amangoona akalulu. Mu njira imeneyi, inu mukhoza kutenga mwamtheradi aliyense seramu precipitating. Staging serological mpweya ofanana limagwirira cha zochita pa agglutination. The chitetezo ali seramu anamanga kuti antigens mu njira colloidal kupanga mamolekyulu lalikulu mapuloteni, amene waikamo pansi pa chubu kapena pa gawo lapansi (gel osakaniza). Njira imeneyi akuti ndi zenizeni kwambiri ndipo amatha kudziwa ngakhale mme- tochepa thunthu.

Ntchito oterewa mliri, tularemia, tizilombo ta matenda, matenda ogwira bongo ndi matenda ena. Komanso nawo kuona azamalamulo.

Gel osakaniza mpweya mayeso

mayesero Serological angathe kuchitidwa osati sing'anga madzi, koma mu agarose gel osakaniza. Zimenezi zimatchedwa akakufunsani mpweya njira. Ndi, kuliphunzira zikuchokera zosakaniza zovuta antigenic. njira zachokera chemotaxis wa antigens kwa chitetezo, ndi mosemphanitsa. Gel osakaniza iwo kusuntha kwa mzake pa liwiro losiyana ndi msonkhano kupanga mpweya mizere. Aliyense mzere - chimodzi K-AT.

Neutralization exotoxin antitoxin (RN)

Antitoxic seramu akhoza n'chongoletsa exotoxin amene tizilombo kubala. Yachokera pa kafukufuku uyu ndi mayesero serological. Microbiology amagwiritsa njira imeneyi kwa titration wa SERA, poizoni ndi toxoids, komanso ntchito yawo achire. Mphamvu ya neutralization wa poizoni wa anatsimikiza ndi mayunitsi ochiritsira - AE.

Komanso, chifukwa anachita izi tingadziwire mitundu kapena mitundu wachokera exotoxin. Izo ntchito ku matenda a kafumbata, diphtheria, botulism. phunziro angathe kuchitidwa "pa galasi," ndipo mu gel osakaniza a.

lysis anachita (RL)

The seramu m'thupi, amene alowa m'thupi la wodwalayo, ali, kupatula ntchito yake yaikulu ya chitetezo chokwanira chabe, ngakhale ndi katundu lytic. Iwo amatha Kutha wothandizila tating'onoting'ono, ma ndi achilendo zinthu HIV kulowa m'thupi la wodwalayo. Malinga ndi kulunjika kwa chitetezo m'gulu la seramu olekanitsidwa bactericidin, cytolysins, spirohetoliziny, hemolysins ndi zina.

chitetezo zimenezi zimatchedwa "womuyenerera". Umapezeka pafupifupi onse mthupi, ali ovuta mapuloteni kapangidwe ndi amakhudzidwa kwambiri kuwonjezeka kutentha, kugwedezeka, zidulo ndi dzuwa. Koma boma zouma ndi akasamuka katundu wawo lytic miyezi sikisi.

Pali ena mayesero osiyanasiyana serological wa mtundu uwu:

- bacteriolysis;

- hemolysis.

Bacteriolysis ikuchitika ntchito wodwalayo magazi seramu mosabisa seramu mthupi ndi majeremusi moyo. Ngati, ndiye kafukufuku wake azindikire lysis mabakiteriya, ndipo yankho tidzakambirana monga okwanira womuyenerera zabwino chili mwa magazi.

The chachiwiri magazi serological ayankhe ndi kuyimitsidwa wa erythrocytes ankachitira mtima seramu munali hemolysins, amene adamulowetsa yekha pamaso pa kuthekera makamaka. Ngati pali mmodzi, ndiye labu kuonera kuvunda kwa maselo ofiira a magazi. Zimenezi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala amakono kudziwa titer wa womuyenerera (ie, kuchuluka kwake zing'onozing'ono n'zothandiza lysis maselo a magazi) mu seramu magazi ndi kupanga womuyenerera zofufuza kumanga. Zinali mwanjira imeneyi imachitika serological anachita kwa chindoko - Wasserman.

womuyenerera fixation (RSK)

Zimenezi ntchito kuti azindikire chitetezo seramu kwa mtima wa wothandizila opatsirana komanso kudziwa woyambitsa wa matabwa ake antigenic.

Nthawi iyi ife anafotokoza mayesero yosavuta serological. RAC ankaona anachita kovuta chifukwa kucheza awiri, koma atatu zinthu: ndi oteteza, ndi Antigen ndipo amathandiza. Kwenikweni ake kwagona kuti zimachitika pakati pa oteteza ndi Antigen kumachitika kokha pamaso mapulotini kuyamikira zimene adsorbed padziko anapanga zovuta K-AT.

Okha antigens pambuyo Kuwonjezera womuyenerera, ungasinthe yokulirapo amene amasonyeza khalidwe zotani. Izi zikhoza kukhala lysis, hemolysis, immobilization, bactericidal kapena zotsatira bacteriostatic.

Zimene yokha amapezeka mu magawo awiri:

1. Mapangidwe oteteza-Antigen, amene si zowoneka noticeable kafukufuku.
2. Kusintha Antigen pansi zochita za womuyenerera. gawo kawirikawiri inachokera ku apoyera. Ngati yankho zithunzi ndi zosaoneka, ndiye ntchito zina dongosolo chizindikiro chimene chimathandiza kuona kusintha.

dongosolo chizindikiro

Zimenezi zachokera ankameteramo ubweya wa womuyenerera. Ola machubu mayeso akakhala RSK anawonjezera Woyeretsedwa nkhosa erythrocytes ndi seramu hemolytic osati munali womuyenerera. Ngati chubu anatsala unbound womuyenerera, izo agwirizane zovuta N-AT unali pakati pa maselo nkhosa magazi ndi hemolysin, ndi chifukwa chakuyimisidwa nchito zawo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti DGC ndi negative. Ngati maselo ofiira anakhalabe bwinobwino, ndiye moyenera, zimene ndi zabwino.

hemagglutination (rha)

Pali awiri mwapadera hemagglutination. Mmodzi wa iwo - serological, izo ntchito kudziŵa magulu magazi. Pankhaniyi erythrocytes kucheza ndi chitetezo.

Ndipo anachita chachiwiri si ofanana ndi serological, kuyambira maselo ofiira anatani ndi hemagglutinin opangidwa ndi mavairasi. Popeza exciter amachita kokha pa erythrocytes yeniyeni (nkhuku, nkhosa, nyani), tikhoza kuganiza linachepa pang'ono yeniyeni.

Chotsani zabwino kapena zoipa Poyankha, n'zotheka malo maselo magazi pansi pa chubu. Ngati iwo amalingalira akufanana ambulera mozondoka, ndiye HIV anakhumba chili mwa magazi wodwalayo. Ndipo ngati maselo onse ofiira anapanga ngati mizati ndalama, palibe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osadziwika.

Zimene hemagglutination chopinga (HAI)

Izi zimachitika kwambiri yeniyeni, amene amalola kukhazikitsa fomu, mtundu wa HIV kapena kukhalapo kwa chitetezo achindunji seramu wa magazi wodwalayo.

Kwenikweni ake kwagona kuti chitetezo anawonjezera kuti chubu munali nkhani mayeso, kumathandiza mafunsidwe a antigens pa erythrocytes, potero wotseka hemagglutination. Izi zimasonyeza Mkhalidwe cha kukhalapo antigens zenizeni mu magazi ina ankafunila HIV.

Chisoni immunofluorescence (RIF)

anachita mogwirizana ndi luso kudziwa maofesi ndi AT-AH fulorosenti wamamamayikirosikopu pambuyo utoto chithandizo flyuorohromnymi. Njira imeneyi ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, sikutanthauza kudzipatula chikhalidwe choyera ndipo zimatenga nthawi pang'ono. Ndi chofunika kwambiri kwa matenda mofulumira matenda opatsirana.

Zochita zoyesa serological anawagawa m'magulu awiri: mwachindunji kapena kudzera m'njira zina.

Direct RIF opangidwa Antigen amene kale kukonzedwa seramu fulorosenti. Ndipo sitipereka ndi mankhwala koyamba mankhwala ochiritsira diagnosticum kupanga chitetezo kwa Antigen anakhumba kenako ankakhulupirira ntchito whey fulorosenti, amene ali omveka kwa mapuloteni cha zovuta K-AT, ndi maselo tating'onoting'ono kukhala ziwonekera wamamamayikirosikopu.