Social kuphunzira chiphunzitso mwachidule. Author chiphunzitso kuphunzira chikhalidwe

M'ma m'mbuyomu anali m'zaka za kuwerenga maganizo alipo, anayambitsa ambiri sukulu masiku a zamaganizo mu nthawi iyi mu dziko Western. Social chiphunzitso kuphunzira analengedwa yemweyo nthawi zakale. Mfundo imeneyi Zatsala wotchuka kwambiri mu dziko Western, tili chimodzimodzi Russia, koma alibe mudziwe zambiri za izo.

Taonani nkhani iyi chakudya yaikulu ya chiphunzitso chimenechi ndi mbiri ya chitukuko.

Kodi mfundo imeneyi?

Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, mwana, kuwonekera poyera, zimatenga mfundo malamulo a makhalidwe ndi miyambo ya anthu a m'dziko limene akukhala. limagwirira angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati kuphunzira tsinde la ana ndi luso osati khalidwe komanso nzeru yeniyeni komanso luso, mfundo ndi luso.

Makamaka chidwi asayansi amene anayambitsa chiphunzitso chimenechi, kuphunzira olumala lolipiridwa ndi onyenga. Ndipo iwo, pa dzanja limodzi, adalira pa behaviorism monga chiphunzitso chakale kufotokoza zimene zimayambitsa makhalidwe a anthu, ndipo Komano, psychoanalysis analengedwa ndi Freud.

Kwenikweni, lingaliro ili ndi ntchito imene anaonekera mu masamba a magazini wandiweyani maphunziro, wakhala wotchuka kwambiri anthu a ku America. Anatenga chidwi chachikulu monga andale amene analota kudziwa malamulo a makhalidwe a anthu ndi kusamalira iwo kudzera ambiri anthu, ndi nthumwi za kudzinenera ena: asilikali a boma ndi apolisi kwa amayi.

Socialization ngati mfundo yaikulu ya chiphunzitso cha

chiphunzitso kuphunzira Social kwathandiza kwambiri chakuti mfundo socialization, kutanthauza kuloŵerera ya malamulo mwana ndi mfundo za anthu a m'dera limene akukhala wakhala wotchuka kwambiri mu sayansi maganizo ndi pedagogical. Mu kuwerenga maganizo chikhalidwe, mfundo socialization anali centerpiece. Pa nthawi yomweyo akatswiri Western anali ndi socialization mowiriza (kusalankhula ndi akulu mu njira zomwe mwana kuchokera kwa achinyamata kudziwa zinthu zimene iye sanali chidwi kuuza makolo ake Mwachitsanzo, za maonekedwe a kugonana kwa anthu) ndipo socialization centralized (imene asayansi mwachindunji maphunziro).

kuzindikira zimenezo wa maphunziro mwapadera bungwe ndondomeko ya socialization, sanapeze waluso mwa pedagogy zoweta, choncho udindo uwu akadali kutsutsana mu Russian sayansi pedagogical.

Social chiphunzitso kuphunzira ananena kuti socialization - lingaliro wofanana ndi chodabwitsa cha maphunziro, koma masukulu ena psycho-pedagogical wa West analandira socialization ndi zina Mkhalidwe kutanthauzira. Mwachitsanzo, mu behaviorism, alandire monga kuphunzira chikhalidwe mwachindunji yokha, mu Gestalt zamaganizo - monga chotsatira cha mogwirizana chikhalidwe pakati pa anthu mu kuwerenga maganizo a anthu - chifukwa cha kudzikonda actualization.

Amene anayambitsa chiphunzitso chimenechi?

Social kuphunzira chiphunzitso, malingaliro enieni amene anali kuperekedwa ndi asayansi pa chiyambi cha m'ma otsiriza, analengedwa mu US ndi ntchito Canada wa olemba monga A. Bandura, Skinner, R. Sears.

Komabe, ngakhale zamaganizo izi, pokhala mtima umodzi, mu njira zambiri ankaona chakudya yaikulu ya chiphunzitso analengedwa ndi iwo.

Bandura anaphunzira chiphunzitso chimenechi mwa mawu a njira experimental. Ndi mlembi wa zatsopano ambiri anasonyeza malumikizanidwe pakati pa nthawi ya makhalidwe osiyana ndi onyenga ana ake.

Sears ali zonse amanena kuti mwana moyo wake udzadutsa magawo atatu bwanji akulu, yoyamba ndi chikomokere, ndi wachiwiri awiri - sadziwa.

Skinner anayamba chiphunzitso cha zolimba otchedwa. Iye anakhulupirira kuti kuloŵerera wa chitsanzo watsopano wa khalidwe la mwanayo ndi ndendende kuyamika zolimba izi.

Choncho, sikutheka kuti ayankhe funso la amene asayansi apanga chiphunzitso cha kuphunzira chikhalidwe, ndithudi. Ichi chidachitika ndi gulu lonse la asayansi American ndi Canada. Kenako, chiphunzitso ichi chakhala anthu ambiri ku Ulaya.

Zatsopano A. Bandura

Mwachitsanzo, Bandura ankakhulupirira kuti cholinga cha mphunzitsi ndi kufunika kulenga khalidwe latsopano mwana. Pa nthawi yomweyo kukwaniritsa zolinga izi zikhoza osati ntchito njira chikhalidwe cha mphamvu maphunziro, monga zikhulupiriro, mphotho kapena chilango. Pamafunika dongosolo mwapadera khalidwe la mphunzitsi. Ana kuonera khalidwe la munthu chofunika kwa iwo, adzakhala pa mlingo chikomokere kutengera maganizo ake ndi maganizo ake, ndipo kenako mzere coherent khalidwe.

Kuchirikiza chiphunzitso chake cha Bandura imachitika pochita izi: anasonkhanitsa magulu angapo a ana ndi kuwawonetsa mafilimu ndi zili zosiyana. Ana amene mafilimu ndi chiwembu aukali (mokwiya kumapeto kwa filimu mphoto) pamene kuonera kanema ku mpheto awo zidole anakopera ziwawa. Ana amene amaonerera mafilimu ndi zili chomwecho, koma mokwiya ndi kulangidwa komanso demonstratirovali kutchulidwa udani, koma ndalama zocheperako. Ana amene amaonerera mafilimu popanda achiwawa sankafuna mu kusewera ataonera filimu.

Choncho, maphunziro komanso imachitika A. Bandura, anawatsimikizira chakudya yaikulu ya chiphunzitso kuphunzira chikhalidwe. Maphunziro awa asonyeza kugwirizana pakati pa kuonera mafilimu zosiyanasiyana komanso khalidwe ana. Posakhalitsa, zinthu Bandura akhala anazindikira kuti udindo koona padziko lonse sayansi.

Akamanena za chiphunzitso cha Bandura

Author chiphunzitso kuphunzira Social - Pandora - ankakhulupirira kuti amene amadziwa munthu ayenera kuonedwa molumikizana wake khalidwe, chikhalidwe , komanso madera chidziwitso. Mu maganizo ake, ndi zinthu situational ndi zinthu zinanso ulembedwe khalidwe la munthu. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti anthu eni mungathe kusintha bwino kwambiri khalidwe lake, koma izi ndi zofunika kwambiri kumvetsa paokha zochitika ndi chilakolako.

Adzaupereka kwa wasayansi lingaliro limene anthu onse mankhwala khalidwe la munthu yekha, komanso ndiAmene wa chilengedwe chawo chikhalidwe ndipo chotero, khalidwe lake.

Mosiyana Skinner, Bandura silimanena kuti zidalira pa zolimba kunja pa khalidwe la munthu. Ndipotu anthu simungakhoze basi kutengera makhalidwe wina, kumuyang'ana iye, ndi kuwerenga za njira izi mu mabuku kapena kuona iwo mu filimu, ndi zina zotero.

Malinga Bandura, mfundo yaikulu mchiphunzitso cha kuphunzira chikhalidwe akuphunzira zochita, sadziwa kapena atakomoka zimafunika pa munthu aliyense wobadwa pa dziko lapansi kuchokera anamuperekeza wake.

Pankhaniyi, wasayansi ananena kuti khalidwe la anthu amatsatila makamaka chifukwa chakuti iwo kumvetsa zotsatira za zochita zawo. Ngakhale zigawenga kupita kulanda banki amadziwa kuti zotsatira zake zikhoza kukhala m'ndende nthaŵi yaitali, koma iye akupita pa nkhani imeneyi, poganiza kuti tidzapewa zilango ndi kupeza Nkhata chachikulu, chimene chimaoneka mu kuchuluka kwa ndalama. Choncho, njira maganizo a anthu ndipatse anthu, mosiyana ndi nyama, luso kuganizira zochita zawo.

Ntchito zamaganizo R. Sears

Social chiphunzitso kuphunzira chinali mu mabuku a zamaganizo R. Sears. Wasayansi akufuna mfundo ndi kusanthula dyadic chitukuko munthu. Zamaganizo kuti umunthu wa mwanayo aumbike chifukwa cha ubale dyadic. Ndi ubale pakati pa mayi ndi mwana wake, mwana wamkazi ndi amake, mwana ndi atate, mphunzitsi ndi wophunzira, ndi zina zotero. D.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, asayansi ankaganiza kuti mwanayo kukula kwake monga chitadutsa magawo atatu a onyenga:

- achikalekale onyenga (limapezeka pa aang'ono pa mlingo atakomoka);

- onyenga chachikulu (kuyamba socialization ndondomeko m'banja);

- sekondale zolinga onyenga (akuyamba ndi kulowa mwanayo ku sukulu).

Zofunika kwambiri magawo awa, wasayansi ankaona chachiwiri, limene likugwirizana maphunziro banja.

Mitundu ya khalidwe yozungulira wa mwana (pa Sears)

kuphunzira Social chiphunzitso (mwachidule kutchedwa chiphunzitso cha kuphunzira) ntchito Sears ikukhudza Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa mitundu yambiri ya khalidwe juga za ana. mapangidwe chawo chimadalira pa ubale pakati pa mwana ndi munthu wamkulu (makolo ake) mu zaka zoyambirira za moyo wamwanayo.

Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Mawonekedwe choyamba. Wachisoni tcheru. Mu mawonekedwe a mwana akuyesera kuti akope tcheru cha akulu, mwa njira iliyonse, ngakhale kwambiri negative.

Mawonekedwe chachiwiri. Funani chitsimikiziro. Mwana maso kulimbikitsidwa ndi akulu.

Mawonekedwe lachitatu. Zabwino tcheru. Search mwana ulemerero wochokera kwa akulu kwambiri.

Wachinayi mawonekedwe. Fufuzani ubwenzi wapadera. Mwanayo amafunika nthawi zonse akuluakulu.

Mawonekedwe wachisanu. kukhudza Search. The khanda limafuna Kudzipenyerera thupi, kusonyeza chikondi kwa makolo caress ndi kuvomereza.

Wasayansi anakhulupirira njira zonsezi zoopsa moti anali kwambiri. Iye anamulangiza makolo kutsatira zikutanthauza agolidi maphunziro ndi kuti asapite kuonetsetsa kuti njira izi khalidwe osokoneza mwana anapita patsogolo.

Concept B. Skinner

Social chiphunzitso kuphunzira chinali mu ntchito za Skinner. Makamaka chiphunzitso chake sayansi ndi chodabwitsa cha zolimba otchedwa. Iye anaganiza kuti zolimba anasonyeza olimbikitsa kapena mphotho, makamaka kumachititsa wa lophunzira mwana adamuonetsa makhalidwe.

Reinforcements wasayansi ukugawa m'magulu awiri akuluakulu, salembedwa kuitana izo zabwino zolimba ndi zoipa. Komabe, amaona kuti amadza zabwino kakulidwe ka mwana, kuti zoipa - imatsogolera ku kulephera chitukuko ndi ndipamene kupatuka chikhalidwe (mwachitsanzo, kumwa mowa, chizolowezi, mankhwala, etc.).

Komanso, monga Skinner, ndi zolimba mwina chachikulu (kukhudzana zachilengedwe, chakudya, etc.) ndi ochiritsira (zizindikiro za chikondi, ndalama, zizindikiro chidwi, ndi zina zotero).

Mwa njira, Skinner anali mdani zogwirizana chilango onse angamulerere ana pokhulupirira kuti zili zoipa mwamtheradi, monga zoipa zolimba.

The ntchito asayansi ena

kuphunzira Social chiphunzitso, mwachidule anafufuza pamwamba, chinali mu ntchito za zamaganizo ena mu United States ndi Canada.

Choncho, wasayansi George. Gevirts anaphunzira zikhalidwe za kubadwa kwa chilimbikitso chikhalidwe ana. Dokotala anaona kuti zolinga izi analengedwa mu ndondomeko ya zimene zimachitika pakati pa achikulire ndi ana ndipo anawonetseredwa kuyambira ukhanda m'mbuyomu kuti ana kuseka kapena kulira, kukuwa, kapena, Tikawonetsetsa zinthu mwamtendere.

J. mnzake. Gevirtsa, American U. Bronfenbrenner, anasamala mwapadera nkhani ya chitukuko cha munthu m'banja ndipo linkasonyeza kuti kuphunzira chikhalidwe kumachitika makamaka mchikakamizo cha makolo.

Monga woyambitsa ndi chiphunzitso cha kuphunzira chikhalidwe, Bronfenbrenner anafotokoza ndi kuwunikira mwatsatanetsatane chodabwitsa otchedwa zaka tsankho. Akamanena za izo zinali izi: achinyamata, akubwera kuchokera mabanja ena sangathe kupeza malo ake, iwo sakudziwa chimene akuchita, ndiponso amaona kuyanjana kwa ena onse.

Maphunziro ntchito pa nkhani imeneyi inadzakhala otchuka kwambiri m'dziko masiku ano. Chifukwa kupatulana izi Bronfenbrenner otchedwa kufunika amayi amathera nthawi yambiri popanda banja ndi ana ake kuntchito, chiwerengero cha mabanja kuwonjezeka, zikubweretsa yakuti ana angathe kulankhula ndi makolo awo, kulephera kulankhulana ndi makolo, achibale, chizolowezi mankhwala chi luso chikhalidwe (TV, etc.) kuti kumabwezera mmbuyo zimachitika pakati pa achikulire ndi ana, kuchepa kwa ojambula intergenerational m'banja lalikulu.

Pankhaniyi, Bronfenbrenner ankakhulupirira kuti gulu banja zoipa zimakhudza umunthu wa ana, imbaenda kupatuka awo kuchokera m'banja ndi anthu lonse.

Zothandiza tebulo: zamoyo chiphunzitso kuphunzira chikhalidwe m'zaka za m'mbuyomo

Motero, poganizira ntchito asayansi ambiri, tinganene kuti mfundo imeneyi, yomwe adanyamuka pa chiyambi cha m'ma otsiriza, wabwera nthawi yaitali mapangidwe ake, ndipo amatilimbikitsa asayansi ambiri.

Mawu akuti unachokera mu 1969 mu zolemba Canada Albert Bandura, koma chiphunzitso yokha ali kamangidwe kake kwathunthu mu ntchito za sayansi ndi otsatira ake maganizo.

Zamoyo chiphunzitso kuphunzira chikhalidwe, lomwe limatchedwanso umoyo-chidziwitso chiphunzitso zikusonyeza kuti chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa moyo ndi chitsanzo cha khalidwe la anthu nkhundu mwace.

Wina akuti chifungulo cha lingaliro ili anakhala chodabwitsa cha kudzikonda lamulo. Munthu akhoza kusintha khalidwe lawo pa chifuniro. Komanso akhoza kupanga mu malingaliro anu chithunzi cha tsogolo anakhumba ndi kuchita chirichonse chowapanga maloto ake oona. Anthu akumanidwa cholinga moyo wawo, kukhala ndi lingaliro yosokoneza a tsogolo lawo (zimenezi zimatchedwa "akuyandama pansi mtsinje"), zambiri anataya poyerekeza anthu amene asankha momwe iwo akufuna kuona kuti kupyola mu zaka ndi zaka. Vuto lina kuti zastragivayut ntchito yake kuphatikizapo mbali ya lingaliro ili: bwanji ngati cholinga sangakhale kubweretsa moyo?

Inde, mu nkhani iyi, munthuyu ali ndi kukhumudwa akupsya moyo, kungachititse iye maganizo ndi maganizo ofuna kudzipha.

Up: zimene anapanga lingaliro ili latsopano mu sayansi?

Mu West, lingaliro akhala m'modzi wa mbalume otchuka chitukuko umunthu. Pa kwalembedwa kwambiri mabuku, ntchito sayansi ndiotetezedwa, anajambula mafilimu.

Aliyense nthumwi ya chiphunzitso kuphunzira chikhalidwe - wasayansi ndi likulu la anazindikira dziko sayansi. Mwa njira, mu mabuku ambiri otchuka maganizo, mfundo imeneyi ntchito kapena thunthu kapena mbali. Pa nkhani imeneyi n'kofunika kukumbukira m'buku wotchuka kamodzi zamaganizo Dale Carnegie, amene anapatsidwa malangizo osavuta pa mmene tingagonjetsere ndikufunitsitsa anthu. Mu buku lino, wolemba anadalira pa ntchito za anthu a chiphunzitso tinaphunzira.

mfundo za ntchito osati ndi ana koma ndi akulu yapangidwa pa maziko a chiphunzitso chimenechi. Ilo likadali zachokera ku maphunziro a usilikali, ogwira ntchito zachipatala, aphunzitsi.

Zamaganizo, akukambirana mavuto a m'banja ndi kuweluza mabanja amachita ndizosowa zosiyana.

Mlembi loyamba la chiphunzitso kuphunzira chikhalidwe (Bandura ali) wachita zambiri researches sayansi anali paliponse. Ndithudi, lero dzina la wasayansi wodziwika padziko lonse, ndipo mfundo zake m'gulu mabuku onse maganizo chikhalidwe!