The kalembedwe mtundu - ndi mmene akuonekera tanthauzo kalembedwe wa chinenero. Mitundu ndi makhalidwe a mitundu kalembedwe

mawu onse chinenero cha Chirasha mulimonse phunziro kwa malamulo ndiponso mfundo kugwirizana nazo. Imodzi mwa mfundo izi ndi kalembedwe mawonekedwe. Aliyense wa ife, kuyambira kuphunzira Chirasha, nthawi anakumana ndi ulamuliro pansi kulingalira.

Pakuti mtundu kalembedwe mawu amakhala ndi kukhalapo kwa matanthauzo angapo. Makamaka tanthauzo ndi timapangira kapena kuchepera. Poganizira mfundo m'njira yopapatiza, amene anganyoze kuti kalembedwe mtundu - ndi zoti mitundu mawu kapena mawu wapadera, mawonekedwe ake. Ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo, m'njira timapangira, mawonekedwe a mawu m'chinenero Russian - lexical adzadziwire chikhalidwe ofanana mawu.

Mawu njira zosiyanasiyana tanthauzo kalembedwe (makina - makina, Agogo - agogo, etc ...). Komabe, iwo ankaona mphatso zosiyana (mawu atsopano). Ndi mosemphanitsa. Akukhulupirira kuti iwo amapanga wa paradigms wamkulu ndi wamphamvu, akamanena za chimene chili chakuti zitsanzo - wina chizindikiro mawu mawonekedwe. Mgwirizano mwamwambo chabe chizindikiro ndi mu chiyanjano cha maziko a mtundu inflectional mawu. Ngakhale kuchita, mungapeze kuchotserapo mu mawonekedwe a phonetic ndi morphological "doublets" (overshoe - Shoe, kuwerenga - kuwerenga). Koma m'pofunika kukumbukira kuti matanthauzo lexical ndi kalembedwe kulibeko kwayekha, koma zonse zimavuta.

mawonedwe

Mawonedwe - dongosolo kuti amasonyeza kusuntha mau omwewo mchikakamizo siyana kalembedwe. Pali mitundu akuluakulu anayi a mawonedwe:

• Morphological ndi mbali zonse, wotchedwa muzu;
• lexical (homonyms, ofanana matanthauzo, otsutsana nawo, ndi zina zotero);
• mawu mapangidwe - dongosolo la kupanga mawu gawo lapansi limodzi;
• malembedwe - gulu la yosiyanasiyana dongosolo kuti afotokoze kufunika latsopano syntactic.

Zida chinenero

Ndipo kalembedwe mawonekedwe - mtundu wa zida chinenero kuthandiza kumanga tanthauzo la mawu. Zida, kuganizira monga chotengera cha tanthauzo tingasonyezere mwa njira yapadera: suffixes, affixes, mathero, kumvera pa kulankhula, prefixes.

Choncho n'zotheka tisonyezeni mtundu, imfa, ndi chiwerengero cha manauni, adjectives ndi adverbs ndi mawu. Suffixes Zikatero, cholinga kusonyeza verebu zinachitika kale mawonekedwe a participles ndi gerunds. Kutsindika limasonyeza jenda, chiwerengero cha manauni, mneni mitundu mitundu. Prepositions muyenera udindo wa milandu manauni, mawu ndi manambala.

masiyanidwe

Ngati ife kulankhula za mtundu kalembedwe m'njira yopapatiza, mu nkhani iyi Nkhani yaikulu ndi masiyanidwe a mawu. Mwa ichi m'chilankhulo cha Russian ambiri amadziwira ngati kusiyana kwa kusintha mawu, koma mfundo (mapeto, mawu payekha, ndi zina zotero. N.). Mwachitsanzo, tiyi - tiyi, ngati - ngati okha. Kapena mawu alipo semantically: mikate - mikate (kutsindika osiyana), nkhaniyi - nkhaniyi mu shopu - mu shopu.

kulankhula wagawo

Ngati ife kuphatikiza mfundo, ndi kalembedwe mtundu - ndi bungwe la tanthauzo kalembedwe ndi njira mawu ake. Mawonekedwe kalembedwe akhoza kusonyeza makhalidwe angapo.

Kodi kumanga nyumba kuchokera ku njerwa ndi mawu analiumba. Ali phonetic awo kapangidwe ndi tanthauzo kalembedwe. iwo ananena chimodzimodzi nthawi zina, koma ndi matanthauzo osiyana kotheratu.

tanthauzo kalembedwe mawu - ndi chibadidwe mawu onse ndi maganizo si yeniyeni matanthauzo pafupifupi lexical mawu awa. Ndiko kuti, ndi umboni, zowombetsa mkota kumvetsa mawu.

The kalembedwe mawonekedwe -, monga tanenera kale pamwamba pang'ono, mfundo yotakata ndipo kwambiri. Categorical kusiyana kwa mawu zingasiyane pa milandu. Mwachitsanzo, Madagascar, Madagascar, Madagascar. Pankhani zotsatirazi imatengedwa kusintha kwa gulu la nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni, kupita. Ndiponso, za kusintha m'gulu la munthu. Mwachitsanzo, amasungunula, amasungunula, kusungunuka. Komanso chinenero cha Chirasha zodyedwa kusintha mawonekedwe kalembedwe wa mawu kuti gulu la ndingaliro. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito, ntchito, ntchito.

tanthauzo kalembedwe mawu ali ndi digiri osiyanasiyana abstraction. Mwachitsanzo, manauni osiyanasiyana pa milandu. Komabe, ngakhale pano pali kuchotserapo, monga aliyense nauni akhoza kusintha mawonekedwe kusiya. Mwachitsanzo, mukhoza kunena altruist - altruistka climber - climber, mphunzitsi - mphunzitsi, ndi wosewera - zisudzo. Koma mawu a Dayilekita, pulofesa wochititsa, woimba nthawi zonse yekha (amuna) jenda. Mu ichi declension choncho ankaona kuchotserapo ali, monga ena a mawu.

zili kalembedwe

The kalembedwe mtundu - ndi achilendo mawu mosamalitsa kumatanthauza zili kalembedwe. Kodi anali kutanthauza chiyani? Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "kubwezeretsedwa" amatanthauza mneni ndi m'mbuyomu, zotsatira za nauni mmodzi wamphongo. Tanthauzo la mawu wadutsa zida chinenero. Kulemba mawu-mawonekedwe "sill" mu malangizo mmodzi, m'pofunika ntchito kutha -s.

A mtundu kalembedwe wa mneni mmodzi pano "penti" ndi wotembenuka mwa kutsekedwa Y. Chitsanzo china: Mawu akuti "mavuto" ndi -at mathero limasonyeza mneni imperfective ndi nauni "galimoto" ndi kutanthauza mathero zikusonyeza kuti mawu kwenikweni chikazi, ndipo ali ndi nambala yapadera.

Mawu kutanthauza zochita

Mawonekedwe kalembedwe wa mneni chinenero Russian amakhala ndi magulu sikisi: mawu, maganizo, nambala pano, munthu, mtundu. Komanso, chinenero ntchito mitundu itatu ya kasewenzetsedwe ka mau maganizo:

• Motelo (kudya, pita, kutaya), ndiko kuti, afunira;
• zimasonyeza, wachita kuchita mu nthawi yapano analola, monga pano ndi mu anakonza (Ife kukonza Iye adzabwera mawa Atolankhani sanapeze munthu ..);
• subjunctive amatanthauza anthu a mtima, zomwe zikuoneka ndi wololera (Kuti anamutcha. Akanatha anakhala kunyumba. Ndikufuna kukhulupirira).

Category kasewenzetsedwe ka mau anasonyeza katundu wina chinenero. Chitsanzo: "kumva - anamva madzi - madzi."

Chikhazikitso ndi kasewenzetsedwe ka mau okha zinachitika kale. Apa kalembedwe mawonekedwe a mawu, mwachitsanzo, ndi kuchotsa bwino chimatanthauza. Pakuti si wamphongo. Ntchito wamkazi, ndi neuter - -o. Mwachitsanzo, kuthamanga, kuthamanga, kuthamanga.

mwalawapangodya

Maziko a mitundu kalembedwe amaonedwa kukhala zizindikiro zinenero anafunika amasonyeza tanthauzo kalembedwe mawu. mitundu kalembedwe anawagawa derivational ndi inflectional. Mitundu ndi lexical ndi kalembedwe. Koma Mulimonsemo sayenera kusokonezedwa ndi mawu ofanana mitundu kalembedwe mawu. Izi ndi zinthu zosiyana.

mawu okhudzana nawo muzu wamba, koma ndi mawu osiyana! House, kunyumba nyumba wosasakaza. Ngati ife kulankhula za zolondola kalembedwe mawonekedwe a liwu lakuti "kunyumba", iwo Mwachitsanzo, kunyumba, ndi nyumba, nyumba.

Kuvuta kwa mawonekedwe

mitundu kalembedwe amasiyana zovuta kwambiri. Kawirikawiri, mitundu kalembedwe analengedwa mothandizidwa ndi zizindikiro zinenero - affixes mathero. Kapena ali m'khola embodiments ena chinenero zipangizo mobwerezabwereza. Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe diminutive akusonyeza suffixes -tuples, -ek, -ochek. Mwachitsanzo, mphika, mwana, zidzukulu maluwa.

Creation ndipo kusinthika mawu - kuipidwa ndi polysyllabic ndondomeko. Paradigms mawu ena ankaona zovuta. Chotero mitundu kalembedwe, monga kuphunzira chinenero, ndi kuchita, ndi zachilendo. Mwachitsanzo, liwu lofotokozera kapena lokamba nkhani mawonedwe - ndi kudalirana mlanduwo wordforms njira zonsezi mmodzi ndi zochuluka. Complete mawonedwe tichipeza paradigms osachepera asanu payekha.

Kwalembedwa mu njira zosiyana koposa amveka

M'pofunikanso kudziwa zina mitundu kalembedwe. Kalata "g" zikumveka ngati "B" mu mathero a genitive chachimuna ndi neuter adjectives ndi mawu. Mwachitsanzo, mai, zokometsera, wamphamvu, kudya. Kapena - okwana lero. Pokambirana wamba, ena mawerengero amanenedwa ngati mosiyana olembedwa. Mwachitsanzo, thousand (tyscha), makumi asanu (Shays), makumi asanu (Kuyendera).

Palinso njira yapadera mawu kuyambira ndi awiri, dvug- kapena awiri. Tiyenera kukumbukira mmene kulemba: a mitu iwiri, nyanga ziwiri, couplet, zaka ziwiri, awiri a buku awiri, humped, mabuku awiri, awiri chimanjamanja, dvugrivennik. Tikumbukirenso matchulidwe olondola a mawu monga analipira, olipidwa,. Ndipo si uplOchenny, zaplOchenny, oplOchenny.

zosiyanasiyana

Mu Russian, anapereka mitundu zotsatirazi mitundu kalembedwe:

• Malembedwe. Malembedwe mawu mawonekedwe unakhazikitsidwa kalelo. Iwo amakhala mwa munthu, koma njira zingapo mawu mapangidwe, kutenga nkhani zosiyanasiyana phokoso ndi kalembedwe. Kawirikawiri kupanga chitsanzo cha mawu ntchito kalembedwe luso, monga amaonedwa kwambiri ndakatulo ndi chikhalidwe chidwi. Pasanathe kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito chinenero sayansi. Nthawi zina mwa akatembenuka malamulo onse a chinenero Russian mawu tikhale syntactic mawonekedwe dissonant kapena lilime boma kapena analandira kwambiri mawu yaitali.
• Morphological. Izi nayenso ali lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu njira lexical ndi kalembedwe ndi inflectional.

Features siyana kalembedwe ndi mwachindunji amadalira mmene zikugwirizanirana mbali imodzi ya kulankhula. Mwachitsanzo, numeral ndi achilendo yekha kusintha pa milandu. digiri poyerekeza ndi adjectives, adverbs, ndipo mawu amene amatanthauza boma. Kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ndi chibadidwe pafupifupi onse siyana. Mawu - yekha jenda, chiwerengero ndi mlandu.

generalization

Malinga ndi malamulo a chinenero chathu mwachilungamo zovuta, kapangidwe kalembedwe wa kulankhula zachokera yaikulu pa malamulo ena ndi malamulo a mapangidwe ndi kusintha mawu. Kudziwa malamulo, m'pofunika kuphunzira kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe, kuti ndi zonse zokhudzana ndi mawu paradigmatic umboni kudziwa tanthauzo la mawu. Mawu - ndi unit yaikulu ya galamala. Chili ndi chigawo wailesi, tanthauzo lexical ndi mwamawonekedwe kalembedwe kulunjika. A mtundu kalembedwe - osati kuti zina, monga chinenero chamanja, chomwe chili mbali chuma ndi lingaliro chabe. A mtundu zamalankhulidwe mutuluka tanthauzo kalembedwe.