The yachangu tiyi clipper

M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi yobereka kwa katundu England zinachitikadi mothandizidwa ndi zombo zikuluzikulu boti. Yonyamula katundu nyengo kunyumba, oyendetsa ankalimbana ndi mnzake mu liwiro. Mu mbiri ya zinthu zimenezi zimaphatikizapo mafuko onse pa clipper tiyi. oyeretsa anayesa oyambirira kufika kumaloko. Ambiri a mawu akuti "tiyi-clipper" amagwirizana ndi bwato mkulu-liwiro.

Nchifukwa chiyani amatchedwa sailboats?

M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, amalonda analandira ndalama zambiri ndithu kuchokera malonda tiyi, amene anali kuwatumiza ku China kwa England. Chuma cha mankhwala zichepetse ndi kuwaphunzira fungo onse anagwira yokakamiza amalonda kusiya ntchito zombo akale, zoyendera zomwe ukhoza pafupifupi chaka. Yaitali Time zoyendera zimakhudza khalidwe la mankhwala. Popeza tiyi anali chofunika ambiri kuti inkayenda magulu anayesa posachedwapa kupulumutsa pamalopo zombo-onyamula ankatchedwa tiyi clippers. Sitimayo yachangu poyamba anali okonzeka matanga. M'chilankhulo clipper English - ngalawa kuti zachitika nsanja. Pa nthawi deta anayamba n'zochititsatu injini chombo nthunzi, koma pambuyo pawo ndi dzina lakuti "tiyi clipper."

nkhani

Poyamba, tiyi clippers (a yachangu sitima) anamangidwa ku Baltimore. kopita kwawo anali mayendedwe a akapolo ndi kuzembetsa. Mosiyana ndi akapolo anzawo akale, chombo okonzeka matanga, osiyana poyerekeza zombo ochiritsira boti, wokulirapo. Komanso, contours lakuthwa anali khalidwe ndi mkulu bata kwa latsopano wamphepo alumikizana. Yafupika buku chimagwirizanitsa liwilo - izo zimaonetsa wogwidwa tiyi clippers.

Zombo yachangu akhala zodula kwambiri. Kumanga limodzi kapena wamphepo hayala, lofunika kwambiri la bizinesi. Koma chifukwa liwiro Kumwambamwamba, amene anali clipper tiyi (zithunzi chombo anapereka m'nkhani), ndi ndalama zonse limapindula ulendo umodzi.

Izi zinali zotheka chifukwa wotchuka kwambiri pamene akuyenda. Pakati shipowners zambiri wager pa wambirimbiri kwambiri. Gulu la ngalawa, umene umabwera choyamba, analandira ndalama kangapo kuposa oyeretsa tidapita wachiwiri kapena wachitatu. Choncho, mphoto chuma, tidzayesetsa bwino kuti aliyense timu. Anyakugulisa ndinalandira katundu ndi kukoma wapachiyambi.

Nsanja Baltimore zombo

Baltimore zombo otchedwa bwalo woyamba kwambiri ndi brigantine, pamaziko a zimene clippers tiyi zinalengedwa. The yachangu ngalawa anamangidwa ku America. Kutukula chotengera anali okonzeka matanga lalikulu kwambiri, masts anapambutsa kwa kumbuyo. Nsanja inkakhala ndi kugawanika Marseille ndi vaterseyley kulola atsogolere kulamulira chombo, komanso studdingsail, ndi amene kumawonjezera kwambiri windage awo.

Lagolide zaka clippers tiyi

Kusala kudya sitima zinamangidwa mu 1820. Mu zaka makumi ochepa chabe, iwo zayambika mofulumira. Golden nthawi clippers tiyi unagwa pa nthawi ya zaka 1850-1860. Panthawi imeneyi inasintha kwambiri a sailboats kudya. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, nyengo wotchuka yatha. Iwo m'malo ndi chotengera okonzeka ndi injini ndi nthunzi.

liwiro

Analenga tiyi clippers (magalimoto yachangu) ntchito m'litali ndi m'lifupi chiŵerengero: 6: 1, pamene pophatikizidwa chilikupita wamba anakhulupirira 3 (4) kuti 1. Chifukwa zaluso izi mamangidwe alumikizana kupereka mkulu streamlined, kuzipatsa mosavuta dissect yoweyula. Motero, mfundo khumi - ichi ndi liwiro mulingo woyenera, amene anali tiyi clippers - ndi yachangu sitima. Ena a iwo liwiro pafupifupi ziwiri mfundo (mfundo lina ndi kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi mailosi pa ora, i.e. mamita 1852).

Amene ntchito sailboats?

Ndi mkulu-liwiro clipper tiyi anamugwiritsa ntchito m'sitimayo, privateers, filibuster, ozembetsa, amalonda, onyamula akapolo ndi gombe alonda. Ena ntchito mkulu-liwiro chotengera kusiya kuwathamangitsa, ina ya cholinga cha milandu. M'kupita kwa nthawi, tiyi wanu clipper unali mwa aliyense boma nyanja.

zombo Thermopylae

Ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kwa boti nyengo zonse zinali ngalawa yabwino ndi yachangu. Tiyi clipper anapangidwa kuyitanitsa ndi White Star Line. ntchitoyo anayamba kupanga mu London monga injiniya Bernard Weymouth.

Kampaniyi apadera mu mizere ya sitima. Wogwila ntchito wa kampani lodziwika bwino "Titanic" analengedwa pa nthawi. Kampani wakhala chizindikiro cha nyenyezi woyera pa maziko wofiira. chizindikiro ichi inali pa pennant Thermopylae, amene unayambitsidwa mu 1868 pafupi ndi mzinda wa Aberdeen (Scotland). dzina lake anali polemekeza clipper Thermopylae Gorge, kumene mu 480 BC, Agiriki unachitikira nkhondo wamagazi ndi Aperisiya.

Onse amene analipo pa wobadwira wa clipper tiyi mu madzi chidwi kwambiri wamphepo latsopano: thupi lake anali kufanana wangwiro, mbali mdima wobiriwira ndi wokongola woyera mlongoti.

Chifukwa seaworthiness zake zabwino clipper kwa zaka ziwiri anakwanitsa kumenya mbiri kale anapereka sitima American "James Baines ': kwa masiku 63, iye anaphimba mtunda kuchokera London ku Melbourne. Pakuti sailboats, chotsatirachi mpaka lero zabwino.

Features wamphepo

Malinga ndi Maulendo a mbiri British Beyzila Laboka, "Thermopylae" anali yodziwika ndi luso lodabwitsa kugwila ngakhale mitsinje zing'onozing'ono mphepo. Chifukwa, izo zikanakhala zotheka kuyenda bwinobwino pa sitimayo ndi kandulo chowala, ndipo ngalawa akupitiriza kuyenda pa liwiro la mfundo zisanu ndi ziwiri.

• Tiyi clipper anali kutalika pafupifupi 65 mamita.
• m'lifupi anali mamita 11.
• Wamphepo ndi kuchepa mphamvu ya asanu ndi mamita theka.
• Mphamvu: 948 reg.t.
• Underdeck chiŵerengero: 0,58.
• Aakulu amaona anali matani 11.

Mu ena mitundu chombo anatenga gawo?

Mu 1872, mkazi wako wachiwiri kwa Thermopylae anali tiyi clipper "Cutty Sark". Mpikisano Route: Shanghai - London. Chigonjetso mu mafuko awa anapambana Thermopylae. Wolakwika chiwongolero mu "Cutty Sark" clipper anamangidwa kwasabata imodzi. Patapita zaka khumi, awiri tinakumana chombo pamene kusamukira ku Australia. Mu mafuko awa, "Cutty Sark" anakwanitsa kubwezera.

Thermopylae anapereka Nkhani ziŵiri kuti analephera kumenya aliyense wa clipper tiyi: Mtunda ku Melbourne ku Shanghai chombo kuthyoka pafupifupi mwezi, ndi mtunda pakati pa Shanghai ndi London clipper unachitikira kwa miyezi itatu.

Mu 1887, boma la Britain wabweza Thermopylae. zaka khumi otsiriza wakhala ntchito ngati ngalawa maphunziro. Ndi 1907, thupi lake ndi wolema kuti anaganiza thanani ndi kumira sitimayo. Posachedwa Thermopylae anali torpedoed. Mu 2003, zotsalira za m'chombo anapezeka madzi pafupi Lisbon.

The clipper tiyi lomaliza

"Cutty Sark" ndi atsopano mkulu-liwiro chilikupita chombo, amene amadziwika padziko lonse seaworthiness ake okwezeka. Analengedwa mu 1869 chombo mpaka lero. Izi clipper tiyi, ngati luso lililonse, lili ndi mbiri yake. Linamangidwa ndi dongosolo la mwiniwake wa ngalawayo British Dzhona Uillisa. Ngakhale kuti chilikupita chombo pang'onopang'ono anayamba m'malo mwa steamships, Dzhon Uillis anafuna kukhala mwini wake wa boti zombo. Ntchito yaikulu ya chombo chidafika mwamsanga kunyamula tiyi China ku Britain. Pa dongosolo la Scott ogwira ntchito ndi Linton "motsogoleredwa ndi ambuye sitima ya Hercules Linton. Sitimayo latsopano, mosiyana ndi ena mkulu-liwiro boti, anali okonzeka ndi wamphamvu kumbuyo mkulu. Izi njira zaphindu mu mkuntho sanazindikire oyendetsa chombo. Popanda kumaliza msonkhano wa nyumba ya tsogolo la clipper tiyi, mu 1869 ndi olimba "Scott ndi Linton" zinatha. Wamphepo yomanga anatenga kampani osiyana pogwiritsa ntchito zojambula za Hercules Linton.

Ndi mamangidwe, clipper izi ndi mtundu wa zombo gulu: tichipeza ya chitsulo, yokutidwa ndi nkhuni pomangira. Pankhaniyi, chifukwa kuphimba gawo la clipper, umene uli pamwamba waterline pa ogwira ntchito ntchito teak. Mbali ya sitimayo m'munsimu waterline zopangidwa elms Thomas (thanthwe Elm). Ntchito zokongoletsa pansi mkuwa mbale.

chotengera ali ndi makhalidwe awa:

• "Katti Surk" anali kutalika 85,4 m.
• M'lifupi - 11,2 m.
• Mainmast kutalika anali pa 46 m.
• Malo okwana chotengeracho anali 2985 sq.m.
• Kusamutsidwa matani 2130.
• Boti boti okonzeka ndi masts atatu.

alumikizana ngalawa anali utoto wakuda, amene ankawoneka makamaka wokongola awiri mzere golide. Monga zokongoletsa ntchito masamba golide mlombwa.

"Star la India" anaoneka pa thupi. Pambali analembapo kuti analipo mu mawonekedwe a bwalo, amene amati: ". Kuwala kwa kumwamba udzatithandiza njira" Komanso, choncho wakhala chokongoletsedwa ndi kalata «W», umene umachokera kwa dzuŵa - mtundu wa chizindikiro cha shipowner lapansi.

Pofika chaka cha 1869 chombo chidafika wokonzeka ulendo. Mu November, izo unayambitsidwa pa Mtsinje Clyde.

Chiyambi cha dzina la boti ndi

Tiyi clipper ankatchedwa umene panthawi ankaona chachilendo kwambiri. Dzhon Uillis poyamba ankafuna dzina ngalawa "Nyanja Mfiti". Koma popeza dzina ili kale ntchito ndi Sitima ina, mwiniwake wa ngalawayo anaganiza dzina boti lawo, ngati heroine a ndakatulo Roberta Bernsa 'Tam O'Shenter ". Ndi Sikochi wapa Cutty Sark amatanthauza "lalifupi malaya". Ndi "yochepa Nan-sheti" ankatchedwa mfiti, nthawi zambiri mantha ana aang'ono pa Scotland. Mosiyana shipowner, ndi amalinyero, kumva dzina la tsogolo la clipper ndi sanali aluntha. Ichi ndi chifukwa zamatsenga chibadidwe chilengedwe chawo. Amalinyero zinkatenga ulendo wa Lachisanu adawopa amphaka wakuda ndi chiwerengero "13". Amakhulupiriranso kuti dzina amenewa chombocho chingandithandize imfa ya sitimayo yotereyi. Ambiri a panyanjawa anafunsa mwiniwake wa ngalawayo kusintha dzina la clipper tiyi, koma Dzhon Uillis anakhutira kuti chombo wake akuyembekezera wautali ndiponso wachimwemwe tsoka.

Chithunzi cha mfitiyo anakhala chokongoletsera uta wa clipper tiyi. Mu ndakatuloyi, mwiniwake wa ngalawayo ankakonda nthawi pamene mfiti wamng'ono kuthamangitsa Tom anamugwira mchira akavalo. nkhani imeneyi Dzhon Uillis anaganiza yosonyeza chithunzi cha Uta wa wamphepo wake. Analamulidwa chithunzi akuimira mfiti imene clamps ndi elongated dzanja mtengo Kauda equina.

M'mbiri wamphepo ake nthawi zambiri mu mkuntho, ndi chifukwa kuti mfiti mobwerezabwereza anataya mutu wake ndi anatambasula dzanja lake. Anataya mu nyanja ya zinthu anali kulingalira nthawi iliyonse mubwezera. Latsopano mutu ndi manja, "Nan-yochepa malaya" anayang'ana palibe zazing'ono.

Wamphepo kuti wabweretsa kutchuka?

Mu 1872, pa machesi ndi lodziwika bwino, chilikupita ngalawa "Thermopylae" mu "Cutty Sark" Ine ndafooka. Chifukwa cha mkuntho agwidwa chotengera anataika gudumu. Woyendetsa anali kusunga bwato mu mphepo, ntchito nangula nyanja. Pa nthawi yomweyo ntchito mwachindunji pa sitimayo chinkhoswe mu kupanga gudumu yopuma. A phiri laling'ono mu safanana zinawonongeka pa sitima ndi gust wa mphepo yamphamvu linathetsedwa. Mwana wa nkulu, kuti zingakweze ndi bellows pa nthawi ino, ine pang'onong'ono kuwotchedwa ndi makala otentha. Mkuntho sanaleke kwa masiku asanu ndi atatu, amene kwambiri angaletsedwe gudumu kupanga ndondomeko. Iye anali kuyang'anira ntchito ya wosula Henry Henderson. Kenako, dzina lake apite mu mbiri British apanyanja.

Wolakwika chiwongolero adziononga ndi "Cutty Sark". Ngakhale kuti tiyi clipper anafika pamalopo sabata pambuyo "Thermopylae," anakumbukira kuti Captain kukana, anasankha kupita patali, ndipo anakonza mwachindunji pa nyanja. Mothandizidwa ndi improvised chiwongolero adalira anatha kupitiriza mpikisano ndi kulowa mbiri ya navigation English.

Tsoka winanso wa chotengera mkulu-liwiro

Ndi nthawi kusambira kuti China chifukwa tiyi anakhala opanda pake. Chifukwa chosowa kupanga nsalu mu England, chombo ntchito zoyendera za ubweya wa Australia. Clipper zonse wagwidwa mkuntho. Ngakhale kuti mu umodzi wa maulendo izi kwa "Cutty Sark" masts zonse zinawonongeka, mbiri ya clipper si zokhazo.

Mu 1895, a "Cutty Sark" anagula kampani Chipwitikizi "Ferreira". Ndiye wamphepo mobwerezabwereza resold ndi zokonzedwa, kubweretsa nsanja chombo ake anali m'malo ndi zovuta zambiri kuti ntchito boti (barquentine). Mu 1922, a "Cutty Sark" anagula Captain Wilfred Dome. Clipper wakhala anabwerera Chalk wapachiyambi, ndipo ntchito ngati n'kupuma maphunziro sitimayo. Masiku ano, sitima ndi sitima zakale, ndipo inasanduka malo ouma doko mu Greenwich (England).

Pomaliza

Tiyi clipper "Cutty Sark", ngakhale kuti mantha onse a amalinyero malodza, anali m'chombo ambiri osangalala ndipo wopambana. Iye sizidalira penapake pansi pa nyanja, ndi ngale ya London padoko. Voterani ulemerero wa clipper tiyi otsiriza akhoza kukhala aliyense.