The zamaganizo wotchuka wa dziko

Chidwi mu sayansi wa moyo, kuti likumasuliridwa kuti mawu akuti "kuwerenga maganizo," anayambitsa zaka zambiri zapitazo anthu. Ndipo komabe izo suzimitsidwa, koma, linaphulika ndi mphamvu chatsopano. Pankhaniyi kwa nthawi yaitali zamaganizo wotchuka mobwerezabwereza anasintha, anayamba ndi wowonjezera ganizo sayansi za dziko mumtima wa munthu. Kwa zaka zambiri zinalembedwa kwambiri mabuku, nkhani ndi mabuku pa nkhani imeneyi. Ndipo ndithudi, zamaganizo wotchuka, akuyendayenda mokoma ndi ovuta sayansi wa moyo, mwaisandutsa anthu anatulukira zosaneneka, zomwe ndi zofunika kwambiri zothandiza masiku a lero. maina monga Freud, Maslow, Vygotsky, Ovcharenko, zodziwika mdziko lonse. Izi zamaganizo wotchuka akhala innovators woona m'dera kuphunzira. Kwa iwo, sayansi ya moyo wakhala mbali ya miyoyo yawo. ali ndi mmene kuyamika sayansi akhala wotchuka? Taganizirani funso ili mwatsatanetsatane.

Sigmund Freud

Kwa ambiri, zamaganizo wotchuka - izi ndi izo. chiphunzitso chakuti chosintha amadziwika kuti pafupifupi aliyense.

Sigmund Freud anabadwa mu 1856 mu mzinda wa Austria ndi Hungary a Freiberg. Munthu uyu wakhala katswiri woona m'munda wa ubongo. Kupambana chachikulu kwagona kuti iye anayamba chiphunzitso anakhala maziko a sukulu psychoanalytic. Ndi zamaganizo wotchuka, Freud kuika patsogolo ndi lingaliro kuti chifukwa cha kudwala iliyonse ya ubongo ndi zovuta njira amazindikira kukomoka kuti kwambiri kusonkhezera wina ndi mnzake. Zinali yojambula kwenikweni mu sayansi.

Abraham Harold Maslow

Category "zamaganizo Famous" Mosakayikira, sikutheka kulingalira popanda sayansi iyi luso. Iye anabadwa mu 1908 mu American New York. Abraham Maslow anayamba chiphunzitso cha kuwerenga maganizo a anthu. Mu monograph wake tikhoza kupeza chinthu monga "Piramidi Maslow a". Iwo anapatsidwa zithunzi wapadera akuimira zinthu zofunika anthu. Mu zachuma, anati piramidi anapeza ntchito linafalitsidwa kwambiri.

Melani Klyayn

Mu gulu la "zamaganizo wotchuka mwana," Munthu wake si malo otsiriza. Melani Klyayn anabadwa mu 1882 ku likulu la Austria. Nthawi zonse nostalgically anakumbukira ubwana wake, amene anadzazidwa ndi chisangalalo ndi chimwemwe. Chidwi mu sayansi ya moyo wa Melanie anadzuka pambuyo iye kawiri anavutika psychoanalysis.

Kenako, Klein analemba wapatali monographs sayansi pa mbali za psychoanalysis mwana. Ndipo ngakhale kuti chiphunzitso cha Melanie amakhoza kuthamanga kumatsutsana ndi chiphunzitso Freudian a kusanthula mwana, iye akhoza kutsimikizira kuti masewera ana ophweka akhoza kupeza zinsinsi zambiri za psyche mwanayo.

Viktor Frankl Emil

zamaganizo otchuka m'dzikoli - kumakhalanso wasayansi Frankl labambo. Iye anabadwa mu 1905 ku likulu la Austria. Iye anatchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha zimene anatulukira wapadera m'munda wa zamaganizo, osati kokha, komanso nzeru. khama Frank kum'patsa Chachitatu Viennese School of misala. Iye ndi woyambitsa wa "Munthu Search for Meaning." Ndipo kuti buku limeneli maziko a kusintha kwa njira nzeru za misala, amene amadziwika ngati logotherapy. tanthauzo lake ndi chiyani? Ndi yosavuta. Man mu kukhalapo kwake akuyesera kuthetsa vuto lopeza tanthauzo la moyo.

Adler Alfred

munthu uyunso limabweretsa zounikira za sayansi amene achoka chizindikiro kwambiri kuwerenga maganizo. Iye anabadwa mu Penzing, Austria mu 1870. Kumbukirani kuti Alfred sanakhale wotsatira wa Freud. Iye mwadala mosatsata m'bungwe la anthu psychoanalytic. Scientific amasonkhana momuzungulira Iye gulu lake la mabwenzi pansi pa dzina "Association of Psychology aliyense." Mu 1912 iye anatulutsa monograph "Pa chikhalidwe cha mitsempha."

Posachedwapa, iye anayambitsa kulengedwa kwa "Journal of Psychology aliyense." Pamene Nazi anagwira mphamvu, anasiya ntchito ya sayansi. Mu 1938, Alfred Hospital chinatsekedwa. mwanjira ina, koma iye anali katswiri yekha m'munda wa kuwerenga maganizo, amene kumbuyo mfundo yakuti waukulu zikuluzikulu za chitukuko cha umunthu - chilakolako kusunga ndi kukhala wapadera komanso payekha.

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti fano la moyo munthu kumakhudza mwachindunji mtundu wa zomwe atapeza mu ukalamba wake. Zimenezi kwambiri chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi lingaliro la collectivism, mmodzi wa amuna atatu maganizo titadziwa chikomokere mwa dongosolo la "Ine". Kamangidwe kalembedwe moyo wozikidwa pa tanthauzo la ammudzi, koma si nthawi zonse mutu chitukuko ndipo zikhoza kukhala mu Chiyambi chake. Zikatero, pangakhale mikangano ndi mikangano. Asayansi kutsindika kuti ngati munthu angathe kupeza chinenero ena, kukhala neurotic si zingasokoneze iye, ndipo kawirikawiri angayerekeze zakutchire ndi zochita totupa.

Bluma Zeigarnik

Iyi ndi wasayansi otchuka. Wotchuka wamkazi zamaganizo Bluma Zeigarnik anabadwa mu 1900 m'tauni Chilituyaniya wa mtsutso. Anaphunzira zamaganizo pa akatswiri ngati wotchuka ngati Karl Levin, E. Spranger, K. Goldstein. Zeigarnik nawo maganizo sayansi m'kukoma Gestalt kuwerenga maganizo. Otsutsa za chiphunzitso chimenechi mobwerezabwereza anayesa Bluma pitani Levin makalasi, koma iye anakhalabe anaumirirabe. Mkazi wotchuka chifukwa kuti kupeza chizindikiro chapadera, amene anadzatchedwa "Zeigarnik zotsatira".

Tanthauzo ndi yosavuta. A zamaganizo wamkazi waika Zinthu. Iye wanyamula nambala inayake ya anthu ndipo anawafunsa kwa nthawi yeniyeni ya nthawi kuthetsa vuto linalake. The zatsopano Bluma anazindikira kuti zochita za munthu yosatha akukumbukira bwino kwambiri kuposa za inatha.

Hakob Pogosovich Nazaretyan

Mtengo wa sayansi iyi m'munda wa kuwerenga maganizo ndi khalidwe misa m'munda wa Anthropology chikhalidwe sangathe n'kofunika. Hakob Nazaretyan - mbadwa ya mzinda wa Baku. Iye anabadwa wasayansi mu 1948. M'zaka za utumiki kwa sayansi, iye analemba chiwerengero chachikulu cha monographs, amene ankafufuza mavuto chiphunzitso chitukuko anthu.

Komanso, Hakob Pogosovich anali mlembi kopanda m'dziko pali muyezo zazitsulo-onse, amene ali paubwenzi ndi patsogolo sayansi ndi chikhalidwe.

Lev Semenovich Vygotsky

Wake mpake kutchedwa Mozart za kuwerenga maganizo, ngakhale chilungamo tisaiwale kuti poyamba anaphunzira muzochitika zosiyana kwathunthu chidziwitso. Iye analowa Medical luso, kenako anasamutsidwa ndi Chilamulo. Ndipo ngakhale atachita chidwi zachilendo mabuku. Iye anasiya wasayansi ndi zotsalira ikuluikulu ya sayansi ya moyo. Lev Vygotsky anabadwa mu 1896 m'tauni Chibelarusi wa Orsha. wasayansi Izi akhoza bwinobwino kuwerengera kwa mndandanda lotchedwa "Famous zamaganizo Russia." Chifukwa chiyani? Inde, poyamba pa zonse chifukwa iye ndi mlembi chiphunzitso chikhalidwe zinachitika mu kuwerenga maganizo. Mu 1924 Vygotsky mu ntchito yake yapadera ya reflexology. Patapita zaka iye anakhala kwambiri kuphunzira nkhani ya kulankhula akuganizira ndipo analengedwa pa kafukufuku mutu. Iwo Lev Semenovich anatsimikizira kuti njira ya kulingalira ndi kunena maganizo sitingalephere interlinked ndi mzake. Mu 1930s, chifukwa maganizo ake chinakwera wasayansi chizunzo chimenechi: akuluakulu Soviet anayesa poyera kwa kuwapotoza zachilengedwe maganizo.

Mozart zamaganizo anasiya ntchito zingapo, powonetsa kwambiri mabuku, anaphatikizapo pa mndandanda wa ntchito.

Mu zolemba zake, iye anaphimba mavuto maganizo a umunthu chitukuko, mafunso a chikoka pa chizindikiro losonkhanitsidwa. Kumene, Vygotsky anapanga zopereka kwambiri sayansi ya moyo ndi khalidwe okhudzana: zilankhulo, nzeru, dokotala wodziwa za vutoli, pedagogy.

Viktor Ivanovich Ovcharenko

Katswiri chapadera anabadwa mu 1943 mu mzinda wa Dimitrovgrad (Ulyanovsk dera). ntchito yake ndi amazipanga yaikulu kuwerenga maganizo. Kafukufuku wake sayansi ya moyo apita patsogolo kwambiri chitukuko. Viktor Ivanovich analemba osati lina wofunika kwambiri. Wasayansi wakhala kusanthula ndi kuwerenga maganizo sociological kwambiri kuphunzira funso ubale lotha.

monograph wake lofalitsidwa osati Russian, komanso atolankhani akunja.

Mu 1996, asayansi Ovcharenko akufuna lingaliro la rethinking nthawi mbiri ya psychoanalysis Russian. Poyambitsa yopanga mabuku, amene anasonyeza yonena za anthu 700 wotchuka, kuphatikizapo akatswiri a maganizo, nzeru ena, chikhalidwe.