Tiyeni tikambirane mmene kudziwa mtundu wa mwakusakaniza

Tiyeni tikambirane mmene kudziwa mtundu wa mwakusakaniza, komanso tione kapangidwe zojambula za molekyulu ndi.

Nkhani akuti

Mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri L. Polinglom wakhala akufuna chiphunzitso cha Masamu mamolekyulu ndi covalent muzikondana. Monga maziko kukhazikitsa kugwirizana chinatengedwa alipo mitambo elekitironi. njira anadziwika monga nsinga valence. Kodi kudziwa mtundu wa mwakusakaniza wa maatomu mu mankhwala? Author chiphunzitso akufuna kuganizira Kusakaniza wa orbitals wosakanizidwa.

tanthauzo

Kuti timvetse mmene kudziwa mtundu wa mwakusakaniza mu mankhwala, ife kufotokoza kuti mawu amenewa amatanthauza.

Mwakusakaniza ndi kusanganikirana orbitals ya zamagetsi. Zimenezi limodzi ndi kufalitsa mphamvu mwa iwo, kusintha mawonekedwe awo. Malinga ndi mmene kuchuluka kusakaniza s- ndi tsa-orbitals, mtundu wa mwakusakaniza akhoza zosiyanasiyana. The organic mankhwala mpweya angathe kukhala mu mkhalidwe SP, sp2, sp3. Palinso njira zovuta kwambiri zokhudza, kuwonjezera SP, D-orbitals.

Malamulo kudziwa mamolekyulu inorganics

Mwakusakaniza angaulule chimake cha mankhwala ndi covalent mankhwala ubale ndi mtundu AWP. A - zofunika atomu, B - ligand, N - chiwerengero cha ziwiri kapena zambiri. Mu zochitika zofanana mu mwakusakaniza ndi adzalowa okha valence orbitals la atomu chachikulu.

Njira kudziŵa

Ife kulankhula za mmene kudziwa mtundu wa mwakusakaniza. Kamvedwe mankhwala liwu zikutanthauza kusintha mphamvu mosiyanasiyana ndi orbitals. Pali zoterezi anthu milandu kumene ma elekitironi ntchito amene ali a mitundu yosiyanasiyana chomangira mapangidwe.

Kumvetsa mmene kudziwa mtundu wa mwakusakaniza, ganizirani dziko molekyulu. Nkhanizi ndi membala woyamba wa magazi mndandanda wa zimalimbikitsa (malire) chimasanduka. Mu danga la CH4 molekyulu ndi tetrahedron. Single mpweya atomu ndipamene kulumikiza wa hydrogen mphamvu zofanana ndi kutalika. Kuti apange ngati mtambo hybrid, pali atatu tsa es ndi elekitironi imodzi.

mitambo anayi ali osokonezeka, ndipo pali zinayi zofanana (wosakanizidwa) lembani ndi osasamba mawonekedwe eyiti. Timanena mtundu wa mwakusakaniza sp3. chimasanduka onse zikuchokera zomwe yekha chosavuta (single) Ubwenzi kuti amakhala ndi mtundu wa mwakusakaniza mpweya atomu. Mgwirizano ngodya ndi 109 madigiri mphindi 28.

Tipitirize kulankhula za mmene kudziwa mtundu wa mwakusakaniza. Zitsanzo za hydrocarbon unsaturated ya ethylene mndandanda kupereka lingaliro la sp2-mwakusakaniza. Mwachitsanzo, mu ethylene molekyulu wa zinayi ma elekitironi valence mu mapangidwe kumangidwa mankhwala ntchito katatu kokha. Otsala omwe si wosakanizidwa tsa-elekitironi zipita mapangidwe ubale awiri.

Acetylene ndi nthumwi zosavuta kalasi SpN2p-2. The peculiarity a kalasi ya chimasanduka ndi kukhalapo kwa ubwenzi patatu. Wa ma elekitironi anayi valence ya mpweya atomu awiri okha kusintha mawonekedwe awo ndi mphamvu, kukhala wosakanizidwa. Anthu awiri otsalawo ma elekitironi nawo mapangidwe maunyolo awiri awiri, tipeze tanthauzo unsaturated a kalasi ya mankhwala organic.

Pomaliza

Poganizira funso lokhudza covalent mankhwala chomangira cha zinthu organic ndi zochita kupanga, ganizirani mwakusakaniza wa orbitals atomiki. Pankhaniyi, pali mayikidwe a mphamvu zawo ndi maonekedwe. Pakompyuta, wapafupi phata la atomu womangidwa, yodziwika ndi ya orbitals kuti likhale zofanana manambala kwadzidzidzi. Information za mtundu wa mwakusakaniza limachititsa amayang'anitsitsa katundu mankhwala thunthu.