Yotupa owayimira: Gawo

Maonekedwe a njira yotupa poyankha chinthu pathological ndi okwanira anachita chamoyo. Kutupa - zovuta ndondomeko zimene akufotokozera pa mlingo m'deralo kapena ambiri amene amapezeka poyankha wothandizila yachilendo. Ntchito yaikulu moti ayankhe yotupa amalandira kuchotsa mphamvu ya pathological ndi kusintha kwa thupi. owayimira yotupa ndi intermediaries, amagwira ntchito njira izi.

Mwachidule pa mfundo za zochita yotupa

chitetezo cha m'thupi - kusamala thanzi la munthu. Pamene kulibe kulowa nkhondo ndi kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda,, bowa. Komabe, ndi revitalization kuzikonzanso za ndondomeko ya kulimbana tizilombo Tingaone zowoneka kapena kumva maonekedwe a chithunzi matenda. Ndi mu Zikatero kutupa umakula ayankhe kuteteza thupi.

Ndondomeko ndi pachimake ndi aakulu yotupa zimene madziwo. Woyamba auka kwa mwadzidzidzi kanthu mtima Chinthu (zoopsa, kuwonongeka, matupi awo sagwirizana tingati matenda). Matenda limatupa yaitali ndi wochepa kutchulidwa zizindikiro matenda.

Ngati yankho m'dera la chitetezo cha m'thupi mu zone kuvulazidwa kapena anavulala pali zizindikiro za yotupa anachita zotsatirazi:

• kupweteka;
• kutupa, puffiness;
• ankatenthetsa wa khungu ;
• kuphwanya boma zinchito;
• hyperthermia (nyamuka kutentha).

yotupa siteji ya chitukuko

The ndondomeko ya kutupa zachokera mogwirizana munthawi yomweyo zinthu khungu zodzitetezera magazi ndi maselo mthupi. Chikadzangotha kukhudzana ndi wothandizila lachilendo thupi kanthu mwa vasodilatation m dera choipa mwachindunji. Pali ponso permeability a linga ndi mtima wa microcirculation m'deralo. Pamodzi ndi maselo a mwazi kufika chitetezo pano humoral.

Mu gawo lachiwiri la maselo mthupi kuyamba kulimbana ndi tizilombo, anawatengera ku malo a kuwonongeka. Ndondomeko ndi dzina la phagocytosis. Maselo, neutrophils, kusintha mawonekedwe awo ndi kumvetsera wothandizila pathological. Kenako, aime ndi nthumwi yapadera umalimbana chiwonongeko cha tizilombo tina.

Limodzi ndi tizilombo apfudze neutrophils ndi maselo akale akufa, yomwe ili m'dera la kutupa. Choncho akuyamba chitukuko cha zochita wachitatu gawo la chamoyo. Cholinga cha kutupa monga lotetezeka ku thupi lonse. Nthawi zina malo awa akhoza kufika throbbing. Selo imayamba kutulutsa owayimira yotupa ku maselo Posakhalitsa, kuti amalola kuti kuyeretsa malo anavulala pa poizoni, zinyalala ndi zinthu zina.

Zikhulupiriro General wa owayimira

Yotupa owayimira - akugwira ntchito zenizenizo anachokera ku zinthu, amene anatsagana ndi kutuluka kwa mbali zikuluzikulu za zosinthidwa. Iwo ali ndi udindo zikamera wa zizindikiro za zochita yotupa. Mwachitsanzo, gululi permeability makoma chotengera kapena m'dera kuwonjezeka kutentha m'dera la traumatization.

The owayimira waukulu kutupa ndi wolemekezeka osati kokha chifukwa cha chitukuko cha ndondomeko pathological. chitukuko chikuchitika mosalekeza. Izo umalimbana lamulo ntchito thupi pa minofu ndi milingo ma. Malinga ndi malangizo a kanthu, modulators kumukhudwitsa:

• zowonjezera (kutambasuka);
• synergistic (potentiator);
• antagonichesky (kufooka).

Pamene choipa kapena pa malo a ntchito mtundu wa tizilombo wagawo asaaonerera pa njira mogwirizana ndi yotupa effector gawo anasintha khalidwe kwa ndondomekoyi.

Mitundu ya owayimira yotupa

modulators zonse yotupa anawagawa m'magulu awiri, malingana anachokera:

1. Humoral: kinins, opangidwa kuchokera kwa womuyenerera, zinthu clotting.
2. Cell: amines vasoactive, arachidonic opangidwa kuchokera ku asidi, cytokines, lymphokines, zinthu lysosomal, zotakasika mpweya metabolites, neuropeptides.

owayimira Humoral kutupa opezeka m'thupi la munthu kusonkhezera pathological chinthu, i.e. thupi ali kotunga zinthu zimenezi. mafunsidwe awo amapezeka maselo mu mawonekedwe kulalikira.

amines Vasoactive ndi zinthu neuropeptides lysosomal alinso modulators analipo. Zinthu otsala cha gulu la nkhoswe ma amapangidwa mwachindunji pa chitukuko mmene yotupa.

opangidwa kuchokera kwa athandize pa

Pakuti owayimira yotupa zichokera kuthekera. Gulu la zinthu biologically yogwira imatengedwa kukhala pakati pa modulators zofunika kwambiri humoral. K ofanana nawo monga 22 mapuloteni osiyana amene mapangidwe amapezeka ndi womuyenerera kutsegula (mapangidwe maofesi m'thupi kapena immunoglobulins).

1. Modulators C5a ndi C3a ali ndi udindo kutupa gawo pachimake ndi Liberatore histamine amapangidwa ndi maselo mlongoti. zochita zawo amachitira utithandize mlingo wa permeability mtima selo, yomwe ikuchitika mwachindunji kapena ayi mwa histamine.
2. Modulator C5a des Arg kumawonjezera permeability wa venules pa malo mmene yotupa ndipo amachititsa maselo neutrophilic.
3. S3 amalimbikitsa phagocytosis.
4. Zovuta S5-C9 amachititsa lysis wa tizilombo ndi maselo nthenda.

Gulu la nkhoswe opangidwa kuchokera m'madzi ndi minofu madzimadzi. Chifukwa kulowa zone pathological, njira exudation zimachitika. Ndi ena ofanana yothandizana anamasulidwa interleukin, timene, leukotrienes, prostaglandins ndi kupatsidwa zinthu za m'mwazi-mphamvu china.

kinins

Gulu la zinthu ndi vasodilators. Iwo anapanga mu minofu madzimadzi ndi madzi a m'magazi a globulin yeniyeni. Akuluakulu oimira gulu komanso bradykinin ndi kallidin, amene kanthu kwenikweni ndi motere:

• nawo kuchepetsa magulu minofu yosalala;
• ndi kuchepetsa mtima za indofeliyamu kulimbikitsa njira khoma permeability;
• amathandiza kuti kuchuluka kwa wolumikizira ndi kuthamanga venous;
• kuwonjezera ziwiya yaing'ono;
• chifukwa maonekedwe a ululu ndi oyabwa;
• imathandizira kusinthika ndi kolajeni kaphatikizidwe.

kanthu umalimbana atulukira mwayi bradykinin plasma malo a kutupa. Kinins - ululu amkhalapakati a kutupa. Iwo mtima kwa maselo m'deralo, kuchititsa kusapeza, soreness, kuyabwa.

prostaglandins

Ma yotupa owayimira ndi prostaglandins. Gulu la mankhwala chikukhudza opangidwa kuchokera ku asidi arachidonic. Magwero a prostaglandins ndi macrophages, maselo othandiza magazi kuundana, granulocytes ndi monocytes.

Prostaglandins - amkhalapakati a kutupa, akusonyeza ntchito zotsatirazi:

• kukondoweza kwa maselo kuwawa;
• vasodilation;
• Kuonjezera njira exudative;
• Kulimbikitsa hyperthermia mu chotupa ndi;
• mofulumira kayendedwe ka leukocytes mu zone ya pathological;
• kuwonjezera kutupa.

leukotrienes

zinthu biologically yogwira a owayimira utangoyamba kumene. Ndiko kuti, thupi chitetezo mu mpumulo wa kuchuluka singakwane yomweyo Poyankha irritant.

Leukotrienes imfayo phindu mtima permeability ndi leukocyte imapatsa kwa zone ya kudwala. Kodi zofunika chiyambi cha ululu ndi kutupa. Zinthu zikhoza apanga maselo magazi ena kuposa erythrocytes, ndi adventitia maselo m'mapapo, mitsempha ya magazi ndi maselo mafuta.

Pankhani ya kutupa poyankha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kapena zinthu matupi awo sagwirizana leukotrienes chifukwa bronchial kuphipha, kuchititsa chitukuko cha edema. Zotsatira zofanana ndi zochita za histamine, koma yaitali. Chandamale chiwalo cha yogwira - mtima. Ataima panja ambiri, amachita mtima minofu, wosakwiya inatsekeratu otaya ndi kuonjezera mlingo wa yotupa anachita.

thromboxanes

Gulu la modulators yogwira kupangidwa mu zimakhala a ndulu, maselo a mu ubongo, maselo othandiza magazi kuundana m'mapapo ndi magazi. Ndi zotsatira chonsechi pa Mitsempha, kumapangitsanso njira ya thrombosis mu ischemia mtima, zimathandiza kuti ndondomeko ya loitanirana ndi kupatsidwa zinthu za m'mwazi guluu wolimba kwambiri.

amines biogenic

Chachikulu yotupa owayimira - histamine ndi serotonin. Zinthu ndi provocateurs koyamba microcirculatory matenda mu zone kudwala. Serotonin - ndi mtundu kuti amapangidwa maselo mafuta, maselo othandiza magazi kuundana ndi enterochromaffin.

Zimene serotonin imasiyana malingana mlingo ake mu thupi. M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, pamene kuchuluka ndi thupi mkhalapakati, izo kumawonjezera mtima spasms ndi kuonjezera kamvekedwe awo. Ndi chitukuko cha zochita yotupa wa chiwerengero kumawonjezera kwambiri. Serotonin amakhala vasodilator wowonjezera mtima permeability komanso kukweza ziwiya. Komanso zochita zake ndi nthawi zana limodzi zosavuta chachiwiri biogenic amine mtundu.

Histamine - yotupa mkhalapakati ndi zotsatira m'zigawozigawo pa Mitsempha ndi maselo. Timvere gulu limodzi gistaminchuvstvitelnyh zolandilira mankhwala dilates mitsempha ndi kumabwezera mmbuyo leukocyte kuyenda. Tikamva wina - izo itsekeke pang'ono mtsempha vnutrikapellyarnogo zimayambitsa kuwonjezeka kuthamanga Komano, yotithandiza leukocyte kuyenda.

Timvere zolandilira neutrophil, histamine zimasokoneza magwiridwe awo pa zolandilira monocyte - kumapangitsa m'mbuyomu. Choncho, mtundu mwina ndi yotupa odana ndi yotupa kwenikweni pa nthawi yomweyo.

Vasodilator zotsatira za histamine kumatheka mchikakamizo cha kuipidwa ndi acetylcholine, bradykinin, ndi serotonin.

lysosomal michere

Timakumana kutupa owayimira amapangidwa ndi monocytes ndi granulocytes m'malo mwa ndondomeko pathological pa kukondoweza, kusamuka, phagocytosis, kuwononga khungu ndi imfa. Proteases amene ali lalikulu zikuluzikulu za michere lysosomal ndi antimicrobial zotsatira chitetezo lysing mlendo anawononga tizilombo pathological.

Komanso, yogwira zimathandiza kuti kuchuluka permeability makoma mtima, modulate leukocyte kusalola. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa michere wakutali, zingalimbitse kapena kufooketsa kusamuka maselo leukocyte.

Yankho yotupa akufotokozera ndi kumatenga nthawi yaitali chifukwa chakuti lysosomal michere yambitsa dongosolo womuyenerera, kumasulidwa cytokines ndi limokiny yambitsa coagulation ndi fibrinolysis.

mapulotini cationic

Ndi kutupa owayimira ndi mapuloteni ali granules neutrophil ndi kukhala microbicidal mkulu. zinthu zimenezi zinthu mwachindunji pa maselo yachilendo, kusokoneza Kakhungu ake structural. Zimenezi zimachititsa imfa ya wothandizila pathological. Komanso ndondomeko chiwonongeko ndi pogawanikana pamawere ndi proteases lysosomal.

mapulotini Cationic kulimbikitsa mtundu kumasulidwa histamine, kuonjezera mtima permeability, imathandizira leukocyte guluu wolimba ndi kusamuka maselo.

cytokines

Izi ma owayimira yotupa imatulutsidwa ndi maselo a zotsatirazi:

• monocytes;
• macrophages;
• neutrophils;
• lymphocytes;
• za indofeliyamu maselo.

Timvere neutrophils, milingo cytokine kuonjezera mtima permeability. Iwo yotithandiza maselo leukocyte kuphana, nalanda ndi kuwononga tizilombo yachilendo okhazikika patsogolo phagocytosis ndondomeko.

Akapha wothandizila pathological cytokines yotithandiza achire komanso kuchuluka kwa maselo atsopano. Kucheza ndi mankhwala ochokera ku gulu la nkhoswe, prostaglandins, neuropeptides.

Yogwira metabolites wa mpweya

A gulu la ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ufulu, ndiwo chifukwa kukhalapo mu ma elekitironi awo unpaired, angathe kulowa muchiyanjano ndi tinthu zina, kutenga mbali mwachindunji mu chitukuko cha ndondomeko yotupa. Ndi metabolites mpweya, zomwe zili mbali ya owayimira, ndi motere:

• ndi hydroxyl kwakukulu;
• hydroperoxide kwakukulu;
• superoxide anion kwakukulu.

Gwero la zinthu zimenezi yogwira ndi wosanjikiza kunja kwa arachidonic asidi phagocytic kukondoweza zimaphulika nawo, komanso makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mamolekyulu yaing'ono.

Mpweya Metabolites timapitiriza luso maselo phagocytic kuwononga wothandizila zakunja chifukwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mafuta, kuwonongeka kwa amino zidulo, zidulo mkati chakudya, kuwonjezera permeability mtima. Monga modulators wa metabolites angadwale kutupa kapena odana ndi yotupa kwenikweni. Ndi zofunika kwambiri mu chitukuko cha matenda aakulu.

neuropeptides

gulu izi zikuphatikiza calcitonin, neurokinin A, ndipo chinthu P. Izi ndi modulators ambiri odziwika neuropeptides. zotsatira zinthu kanthu zachokera njira zotsatirazi:

• kukopa kwa neutrophils mu kutupa;
• kuchuluka mtima permeability;
• Thandizeni ndi magulu ena poyera pa zolandilira oona za timene;
• tilinazo kuwongola wa neutrophils kwa endothelium venous;
• nawo mapangidwe ululu yankho yotupa.

Kuwonjezera onse pamwamba, kwa owayimira yogwira mulinso acetylcholine, zikuwonjezereka masiku ano ndi noradrenaline. Acetylcholine kumatanthauza mapangidwe hyperemia wolumikizira, dilates Mitsempha mu pathologies moto.

Norepinephrine ndi Epinephrine kuchita monga modulators kutupa, inhibiting kukula kwa mlingo wa permeability mtima.

Kukula mmene yotupa si kuphwanya ndi chamoyo. M'malo mwake, zimangosonyeza kuti chitetezo cha m'thupi kulimbana ndi ntchito.