Zam'tsogolo - ndi chiyani ichi? Kodi zolinga malonda?

Ogulitsa Russian amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito yawo chida monga zam'tsogolo. RTS, MICEX ndi kuphana wina ndi mpata kutero poyerekezera osiyanasiyana ankayendetsa zachuma. ndi mbali ya kukhazikitsa njira zowonjezera malonda chiyani? Kodi zolinga ndi momwe iwo kuthandiza amalonda kupeza?

ndi zolinga zimene

A tanthauzo ambiri amavomereza mwa amalonda zam'tsogolo - ndi zida chuma, kulola kuchita zam'tsogolo mapangano a kalembera zilirimu, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mapeto pakati wogula ndi wogulitsa anavomera pa mtengo ndi mawu a ndikupeleka. Nayenso mbali zina za kalembera, monga Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwake, mtundu, kukula ndi zina zotero. E., The specifications munthu chinanena mu pangano. Zam'tsogolo - ndi mokwanira mosalekeza ndalama chida. Iwo akhoza ndinazolowera zosiyanasiyana m'madera a zamalonda.

Zam'tsogolo - ndi ofanana nawo?

Inde, ndi yosiyanasiyana. Mawu akuti "ndilochokera" amamvedwa ndi amalonda ambiri monga liwu lofanana ndi mawu akuti "ndilochokera", ndiye amene Kugwirizana kwa malonda ndikupeleka tingachipeze powerenga. Zotumphukira ndi zolinga - pangano olembedwa kumasulira zofunika mgwirizanowo kwa wogulitsa ndi wogula. Limatchula za otumphukira kuti ndi zoona kungakhale phunziro la mgwirizano wa zogulitsa. Ndiko kuti, kulanda enieni wogula katundu kwa katundu kapena sizingakhale.

History zam'tsogolo

Kukwanira tione mwatsatanetsatane chikhalidwe cha zam'tsogolo, zidzakhala zothandiza kudziwa mmene anachitira zida izi chuma, kodi waukulu mbiri magawo a awo kukhazikitsa mu zolowa ndalama. Ena amalonda amakhulupirira kuti limagwirira za ubale pakati pa wogulitsa ndi wogula, amene tsopano likukwaniritsa tanthauzo la zam'tsogolo ndi zaonekera kale chida funso anaonekera pa msika. Nthawi zimachitika chuma, chodabwitsa woyamba anaonekera, ndiyeno - liwu kufotokoza izo.

msika anafuna zaluso

Chimodzi mwa mitundu ikuluikulu ya mankhwala wakhala chimanga. Ngati ife kulankhula za nyengo patsogolo pa 19 mochedwa - m'ma 20, ndiye amachita kukhala pakati pa nzika kiyi wa malonda dziko. Alimi, kulimapo, kutumiza makasitomala awo ndi dziko kapena nyanja. Pa tirigu msika m'dzinja kaŵirikaŵiri zinali overabundance wa nsembe mankhwala - alimi adafuna msanga kugulitsa mbewu. Poyankha, kuchepa kwa mbewu ungachitike m'chaka, amene Sangathe kukula, pamene chimene sichinayambe akuyendera, ngakhale mu yophukira anali mayendedwe pansi monga izo zinali zambiri poti sitolo. msika kamodzi kunali koyenera kuti athetse vutoli izi. Choncho anaonekera mwamsanga zida ndalama kuti amalola alimi kukula tirigu, komanso ogulitsa ina ulimi monga, kunena zimenezi ndi makasitomala ngakhale pamaso mbewu zipse ndi kubwera kuti mfundo za kuzindikira.

chida konsekonse

mapangano amene ankatchedwa patsogolo (ku England patsogolo -. "Forward"). Zam'tsogolo - tinganene kuti anatengera mgwirizano patsogolo malonda pa mbali katundu kuwombola. maonekedwe awo akatswiri kugwirizana ndi miyezo yabwino pa malonda, kotero kuti zinthu zoyenera akhoza kulowa mtundu chilichonse katundu anagulitsa. Chifukwa, zam'tsogolo malonda wakafika ndikupeleka, mwa amene kuwagula ndi kuwagulitsa osati tirigu ndi zina zaulimi, komanso zipangizo, zitsulo, ena okonzeka zopangidwa mankhwala chakudya: .. Shuga, khofi, etc. Kuti njira yatsopano ngati tikukamba za mbiri ya malonda chida asapita kusinthidwa ndi kuphana ndalama.

Kuyambira zopangira kuti akalozera katundu kuwombola

Pali zizindikiro zambiri zowonetsa kuti poyamba malonda zam'tsogolo malonda kunachitidwa pa Dow Jones katundu kuwombola index wa dzina chomwecho kwa iwowo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, a zachuma alandira chida chachikulu inshuwalansi chiopsezo ndalama - basi monga izo zikanakhoza kukhala ogulitsa mbewu m'dzinja. M'kupita kwa nthawi, zam'tsogolo akalozera afala kuti buku la malonda iwo nthawizina anakhala ntchito wapamwamba pa wotuluka ndi odziwika.

Zam'tsogolo pa msika kuwombola yachilendo

A latsopano chida ndalama nayenso kudutsa ndi misika ndalama. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi mu ntchito zam'tsogolo amalonda anakhala, malinga ndi zimene akatswiri ena chiyembekezo chakuti za "muyeso wa golide" mu United States mu 1971. Chikadzangotha kulowa mchikhalidwe zilembedwe watsopano pa dziko msika ndalama anayamba kuvutika kusinthasintha amphamvu. Anyakugulisa ankati zam'tsogolo - ichi ndi chida chomwe chingathandize msika pochitika gawo la osakhalitsa mkulu.

Yoyenera njira malonda achita mu malo, ndi chifukwa cha kukula mofulumira kutchuka kwawo, akatswiri amanena kuti izi n'zimene msika anafuna. Zam'tsogolo pa dola ndi ruble, monga momwe ambiri a magwero, anali woyamba Mukalowa mu April 1998. Pa tsiku loyamba la malonda, chiwerengero cha zimenezi kuposa rubles 200 miliyoni.

Zam'tsogolo ku Russia

Mwa njira, mbiri ya Russian kuwombola malonda zimachokera kuyambira Peter Wamkulu. Kumayambiriro a zaka za m'ma 20 mu Russia opareshoni monga ena 87 kuphana chofunika. Popeza 20s mochedwa, ndi 1991 Institute of malonda sanali likugwira m'dziko lathu. Koma pambuyo kusintha Russia ku msika ufulu ndi limodzi mwa chinsinsi chuma.

Pamene woyamba ndikupeleka zam'tsogolo akhala akuchitika mu Russia? Pali zizindikiro zambiri zowonetsa kuti nkhani loyamba la ntchito chida cha analembedwa mu 1996 pa St. Petersburg katundu kuwombola. Tinayamba kuonekera koyamba nkhani mawunikidwe, amene amaika patsogolo pa nkhani yolembedwa za chiyembekezo cha Russian chinkhoswe mu malonda zam'tsogolo. Mu 1990s mwa mapangano ndalama chida zitsulo anaphedwa ndi boma oyang'anira tauni kumangigwa.

Tsopano awiri waukulu kuphana Russian katundu applicable zam'tsogolo (RTS ndi MICEX). Poyamba pali ngakhale gawo lapadera kwa malonda ndi ntchito ili chida ndalama - FORTS. Likupezeka pa FORTS zam'tsogolo ndi njira (njira ina yotchuka kuti kukapangana). Iwo akhala akugwira, ndi njira, ganizirani mmene amasiyana.

The zam'tsogolo amasiyana options

A muyezo kiyi isiyana options zam'tsogolo - mwini choyamba afunika kukwaniritsa mavuto pangano. Zikatero, wachiwiri ndalama chida amalola mbali ya ndikupeleka sizili ndi zinthu zafotokozeredwa mgwirizano. Mwachitsanzo, osati kugulitsa katundu ngati iwo agwa mtengo poyerekeza ndi mtengo pa nthawi ya kugula.

Mitundu ya zam'tsogolo. ankachitika

Komabe, kafukufuku adzapitiriza zam'tsogolo. Ogulitsa Modern m'kagulu mu mitundu iwiri. Choyamba, zimatulutsa otchedwa ankachitika zam'tsogolo. Iwo ndi mgwirizano pa nthawi kuphedwa kumene wogula akuvomera kugula, ndi wogulitsa - kupereka njira kwa specifications anavomera wa ndikupeleka kuchuluka kwa katundu wina. Pankhaniyi, zolinga mtengo adzakhala mmodzi kuti chili pa ogulitsira malonda kwambiri posachedwapa. Ngati mgwirizanowo chimagwira ndi wogulitsa sudzapereka anali wofunika izo angayembekezere chilango.

masamu

Palinso zam'tsogolo Pamudzi. peculiarity awo ndi wogula ndi wogulitsa mopitirira pamodzi ndalama zimene zimapanga kusiyana mtengo kalembera pa nthawi ya kusainira ndi chilango cha pangano, kaya yobereka ake enieni.

Kapangidwe ka specifications zam'tsogolo mgwirizano

Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya wotuluka zam'tsogolo - mfundo. Ndi gwero, amene anakonza Kunena mwachidule ya mgwirizano. BOM Kapangidwe ka wotuluka wa mtundu uwu amakhala motere: tchulani dzina la pangano, makamaka mtundu - macheke kapena staging, mtengo wa kalembera vutoli, nthawi, komanso ena options zongopeka. Mwa chinsinsi angatchedwe bango kapena bango kusintha.

mtengo umadalira pa kalembera makamaka. Tirigu, ngati tikukamba za kuphana akuluakulu padziko lonse katundu - ndi a dongosolo la masenti 5 pa tani. Podziwa ichi, kodi buku la mgwirizano zam'tsogolo, malonda mosavuta kuwerengetsa zonse kusintha mtengo pa kuchuluka lonse la kalembera wa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati pangano kwa tirigu ndi tonnes 200, akhoza kuchita masamu kuti kusintha osachepera mtengo adzakhala $ 10.

mafuta zam'tsogolo

Kodi malonda Mwachitsanzo, zam'tsogolo pa Brent ndi mafuta ena yosakongola? lophweka. Mu kuphana chofunika lero wagulitsa kalasi yake ya mafuta, komanso awiri - Yatsani zokoma ndi WTI. Onse a iwo amatchedwa chikhomo chifukwa ena sukulu mafuta akuti pamaziko a malumikizanidwe ndi mtengo ankagulitsa. Mapangano pa golide wakuda kuthamanga pa kuphana zikuluzikulu ziwiri katundu - NYMEX, ku New York, komanso ayezi, mu London. American akupitiriza malonda mafuta Kuwala zokoma, mu English - ena mitundu iwiri. Makamaka malonda golide wakuda, imakhala chakuti ali padziko koloko.

The ambiri amavomereza miyeso yolinganizira kwa amalonda dziko mokomera Brent. mafuta ndi pentopeni kwa mbali yaikulu ya mitundu dziko ya mafuta, kuphatikizapo Urals mafuta Russian. Komabe, monga taonera ndi akatswiri ena, pakati amalonda pali Anthu amene osaganizira Tiyenera kusunga muyezo wa Brent. chifukwa chachikulu - chifukwa amapangidwa makamaka yekha mu nyanja ya North m'minda Norway. M'matangadza monga yafupika awo, potero kuchepetsa, malinga ndi akatswiri ena, ndi liquidity katundu ndi mtengo wa mafuta akhoza kuganizira zochita leni msika.

Brent zam'tsogolo akhoza amadziwikanso ndi acronym BRN London Stock Kusinthanitsa Ice. Dzina zonse za mgwirizano zikumveka ngati Brent yosakongola Mafuta. Mafuta umaperekedwa pansi Mapangano pamwezi. Choncho n'zotheka kunena ndikupeleka ndi imeneyi pamwezi. Kutalika pazipita mgwirizano - zaka 8. Pali yochepa mafuta zam'tsogolo, koma pali nthawi yaitali. Kukula lolingana ntchito - 1 zikwi migolo .. Mtengo wa 1 Mafunso Chongani - masenti, ndiye kusintha osachepera mu mtengo mgwirizano - $ 10.

Kodi kupambana ntchito mafuta ndi zam'tsogolo? Quotes mafuta, monga ena chuma, zimadalira mmene zinthu zilili pa chuma padziko lonse. Ngati munthu kuwadziwa bwino nkhaniyi, iye angayese kusaina mgwirizano kugula kapena kugulitsa mafuta pa mtengo akonzedwa, n'kutsegula udindo yaitali kapena lalifupi, motero. Tiyeni tinene, pamene mafuta ndalama $ 80 mbiya munthu amasonyeza kuti miyezi 3 zipangizo zingawonjezere kuti madola 120. Iye anamaliza 1 osachepera pangano kugula golide wakuda pa mtengo wa $ 90 pa mbiya. Kubwera miyezi 3. Mafuta akuyembekezeka auka mu mtengo $ 120 pa mbiya, ndi kutaya malonda ziri pa mtengo wa 90. Iye malinga ndi mikhalidwe kuphana anaika pomwepo mlandu kusiyana kwa $ 40.

Zam'tsogolo ndi ndalama

N'zoonekeratu kuti malonda ndi thandizo la zam'tsogolo mafuta, ndi malonda Pakufunika kwambiri bizinesi. Mtengo osachepera mgwirizano, monga tili kale analozera -. 1 zikwi mbiya, ndiye, ngati inu kutenga pano, osati kukwera mtengo kwa mafuta, Pakufunika ndalama zokwana madola zikwi 50 .. Komabe, malonda ali ndi mwayi kupeza pomaliza zam'tsogolo pa dola pa MICEX, mwachitsanzo. Malinga ndi mfundo za mgwirizano kuwombola ndi osachepera kuchuluka kwa $ 1 zikwi .. Chongani - kopecks 10.

Mwachitsanzo, munthu amaganiza kuti dollar US adzakhala kuchepa kwa apano rubles 65 40. Iye anatsegula malo yaitali pa malonda a mgwirizano pa mtengo wa nenani, $ 50, nyengo - 1 month. Patatha mwezi umodzi ndi ruble makamaka analimbitsa mphamvu - mpaka mayunitsi 40 pa dola US. Komabe, ali ndi ufulu akagulitsa mwachindunji kuchuluka mu specifications mgwirizano pa mlingo wa $ 50, ndi kuthandiza ndi kuwombola ndalama kusiyana kwa rubles 10 aliyense unit wa ndalama US. Koma ngati iye sanali ndikuganiza ku sukuluyi, iye mwanjira ndi kukwaniritsa udindo kwa Kusinthanitsa. Nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa kuyika pa kukula Napempha kwa nkhani gawo la msika.

makonzedwe ofanana ndi zotheka ndalama pamene malonda magawo amakampani. Pamene inaimitsidwa, ndi kusanthula woyenerera wa zinthu pa msika wa malonda angadalire zasungidwa ndi bwino kwambiri zam'tsogolo. Malonda pa kuphana katundu lero ndi mokwanira bwino, chimaonekera ndipo kutetezedwa ndi lamulo Russian. Pa kutaya malonda, monga ulamuliro, pali yabwino mawunikidwe zida, monga zam'tsogolo ndandanda kwa kalembera anasankha. Ntchito yoyenera limagwirira ndalama mu Russian chilengedwe zachuma wakhala mwachilungamo khola kutchuka.