Zitsanzo nkhondo. mitundu ya nkhondo

Mbali yaikulu ya anthu masiku ano ali nkhondo chikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana zake zonse. Zitsanzo nkhondo tidzakomane kulikonse, kuyambira ndi mikangano ang'ono ndi kutha atasemphana lonse. A chifukwa chimodzi pachitika awa - maziko Chisilamu - imatengedwa pamlingo wa munthu mavuto aakulu a dzikoli, womwe uli m'malire ndi kuopseza World nkhondo III. Komabe, maphunziro m'munda wa zenizeni za nkhondo monga umoyo maganizo chodabwitsa taonetsa kuti ndi mokwanira waukulu ndi zovuta mfundo kupenda kaonedwe ake mwapadera zowononga.

Lingaliro la nkhondo

Ambiri mwa sayansi amaonedwa kukhala njira ziwiri chikhalidwe nkhondo (Antsupov AY). Woyamba amati mikangano ndi zipolowe maphwando, maganizo kapena mphamvu; chachiwiri - monga kugunda zosiyana maudindo, zolinga, zofuna ndi maganizo kulamulidwa mogwirizana. Motero, m'nkhani yoyamba ankaona zitsanzo nkhondo makhalidwe onse kunachitika onse zamoyo ndi chikhalidwe zopanda moyo. Ngati chachiwiri pali nkhondo plurilateral gulu la anthu. Choncho nkhondo iliyonse zikuphatikizapo ena mzere zimachitika pakati pa nzika (kapena magulu a nkhani) amene amatswa chidani.

Kapangidwe ndi kulunjika wa mkangano

Woyambitsa wa mawonedwe mikangano mu zaumunthu ambiri ankaona L. Coser. Mmodzi mwa ubwino wa chiphunzitso chake ndi kuzindikira kuti pali zitsanzo za mikangano ya mtengo zabwino zinchito. M'mawu ena, Coser ankanena kuti mkangano si nthawi zonse chodabwitsa zowononga - pali milandu komwe n'kofunika kwa chilengedwe limasonyeza mkati mwa dongosolo makamaka, kapena kwa yokonza cohesion chikhalidwe.

Kapangidwe nkhondo mawonekedwe gulu (otsutsa adzamenyane), ndiponso zochita zawo, nkhani chikhalidwe / vuto la nkhondo (mwachitsanzo - kugona tulo mu mabasi ndi magalimoto), ndipo zotsatira zake. Phunziro la mkangano nthawi kumagwirizana zosowa za magulu okhudzidwa, ndi kukhuta amene ali ndi vutoli. Pamodzi iwo akhoza m'magulu magulu atatu lalikulu thupi, chikhalidwe (udindo-udindo) ndi wauzimu. Kukwiya ndi chimodzi kapena china chofunika munthu (s) ayenera Tingaone monga zimayambitsa nkhondo.

Zitsanzo nkhondo kufanizitsa

Kodi NV Grishina anati mu chikumbumtima tsiku ndi tsiku nkhondo zitsanzo monga osiyanasiyana ndithu zochitika - kuchokera nkhondo ndi nkhondo pakati pa magulu ena chikhalidwe ndi kuti kusagwirizana m'banja. Zilibe kanthu, kaya ndi mtsutso pa yamalamulo, kapena kulimbana wa zofuna. Masiku ano naukoznanii angapeze nambala yaikulu classifications osiyana, popanda zosiyanasiyana pakati pa malingaliro a "mitundu" ndi "mitundu" nkhondo. Zitsanzo za magulu onse kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ofanana. Nthawiyi, maganizo athu, ndi bwino kuonetsetsa mbali zitatu zazikulu ndi kufanizitsa nkhondo:

• Mitundu nkhondo;
• Mitundu nkhondo;
• mitundu ya nkhondo.

Mbali yoyamba ndiyo lonse ndi buku. Mtundu uliwonse zingaphatikizepo mitundu yambiri ya mikangano yomwe Zikatero, akhoza kutenga malo mu maonekedwe ena ndi ena.

Mitundu ndi Mikangano

The mitundu ikuluikulu nkhondo ndi izi:

• intrapersonal (intrapersonal);
• lotha (lotha);
• intergroup;
• mkangano pakati pa munthu ndi gulu.

Choncho, yomwenso mu nkhani iyi ndi nkhani (anthu) za kusagwirizanako. Poyankha lotha, mikangano intergroup ndi kusiyana pakati pa munthu ndi gulu zitsanzo nkhondo chikhalidwe. Nkhondo yoyamba chikhalidwe, pamodzi ndi intrapersonal ndi zookonfliktom, anasankha monga mtundu osiyana German Katswiri Georg Simmel. Ena mfundo zaposachedwapa nkhondo intrapersonal nawonso m'gulu mfundo za chikhalidwe, amene Komabe, pali mfundo zofunika kukambirana.

Pakati zimayambitsa zikuluzikulu za nkhondo chikhalidwe alandirika kuonetsetsa osauka, kusiyana makhalidwe a anthu ndi nkhani zamalankhulidwe, kusiyana zinachitikira moyo ndi khalidwe, zinthu zimene zina ndi psyche anthu, ndi ena.

nkhondo intrapersonal

Amatanthauza subjectively anakumana misalignment wa mumaganiza ena mu chikumbumtima cha munthu (lingafunikire makhalidwe, zokonda ndi zina zotero. D.), Timafunikanso ndi mnzake mu njira chitukuko (Mitin LM Kuzmenkova OV). M'mawu ena, ndi kugunda angalimbikitsire ena formations, amene sangakhuteyu (anazindikira) imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, munthu sakhoza kukonda ntchito yanu, koma mantha achoke chifukwa cha chiyembekezo cha otsala ulova. mwana A angayesedwe kusakhala kalasi ndipo nthawi yomweyo mantha kulangidwa chifukwa izo, ndi zina zotero. D.

Nayenso, mtundu wa nkhondo kungakhale mitundu zotsatirazi (Antsupov AY, Shipilov AI):

• chilimbikitso ( "Ine ndikufuna" ndi "ndikufuna");
• nkhondo ya kuchepa kudzidalira ( "Ine" ndi "angathe");
• timasewero kusewera ( "ayenera" ndi "ayenera");
• nkhondo zosakwanira zilakolako ( "Ine ndikufuna" ndipo "ine");
• makhalidwe ( "Ine ndikufuna" ndi "ayenera");
• anatengera ( "ayenera", "ndi").

Choncho, gulu ili chimasiyanitsa zitatu zikuluzikulu umunthu dongosolo, adzawombana ndi mzake: "Ndikufuna" (ndikufuna), "Ndili" (zikhale) ndi "Ndine" (I). Ngati ife tikufanizira lingaliro ili ndi zina dongosolo umunthu, mwakuchita Sigmund Freud mu psychoanalysis, ife tingathe kuona kuti nkhondo Eid (ndikufuna), cholinga (I) ndi superego (kofunika). Komanso mu nkhani iyi ndi bwino kukumbukira kupeza ndalama kusanthula Erika Berna ndi allocated kuti maudindo atatu a munthu: mwana (kusowa), Wamkulu (I), kholo (m'pofunika).

nkhondo lotha

mtundu Izi zimachitika mu nkhani ya kusagwirizana ndi mikangano pakati pa anthu. Pakati mbali izo Tingaone kuti chikuchitika pa "pano" ukhoza kukhala zifukwa cholinga ndi m'maganizo, komanso, monga ulamuliro, yodziwika ndi kutengeka mkulu nawo. mtundu lotha angathe ogaŵikana mitundu osiyana nkhondo.

Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi mfundo za unansi wa subordination pakati pa zipani, mikangano lotha akhoza kugawidwa mikangano "ofukula", "yopingasa" ndi "opendekera". Mbali yoyamba tikulimbana ndi ubwenzi Kumvetsela Mwachitsanzo, mutu wa - pantchito, mphunzitsi - wasukulu. Nkhani yachiwiri kumachitika pamene magulu ku nkhondo pa maziko ofanana ndi sali pansi mzake - .. Co-antchito mkazi, anaima, anthu mzere, etc. Mikangano opendekera akukangana otsutsa amene ali subordination mozungulira - pakati pa akulu utumiki ndi pa ntchito gawo pakati pa etc. okalamba ndi junior mu. (pamene ophunzira pa maudindo osiyana msinkhu, koma zakufa Kumvetsela suli wina ndi mnzake).

mikangano lotha zikuphatikizapo tikuona nthawi iliyonse kuwombana amapezeka mu dongosolo makamaka kupanga mitundu monga (kukangana m'banja, kholo ndi mwana pakati pa abale ndi alongo) banja lake, kwawo, nkhondo mu gulu (chitsanzo cha nkhondo m'gulu pakati mabungwe ake mkati mogwirizana kompyuta), ndipo ena.

nkhondo intergroup

Nkhondo intergroup alandirika ku kugunda pakati pa aliyense payekha magulu osiyana siyana (zikuluzikulu, ang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe), komanso pakati pa magulu awa onse. Pankhaniyi n'zothekanso kuonetsetsa mooneka ngati nkhondo gulu la banja (pamene nkhondo zokhudza oimira angapo a magulu a anthu awiri kapena kuposa (zitsanzo Pakati ogwira ntchito ndi kasamalidwe, oyendetsa wamphumphu, ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, etc..) - mwachitsanzo mu oyang'anira tauni nyumba, nayenso, mabasi ndi magalimoto ndi zina zotero. d.).

Mukhozanso kusankha zitsanzo za mikangano imene imachitika mu mlingo yapakati-gulu monga mayiko, intercultural ndi achipembedzo. Aliyense wa mitundu ya chimakwirira Boma yotakata anthu ndipo amakhala ndi nthawi yaitali. Komanso, zamoyo anasankha angakhale ndi khalidwe kusinthanitsidwa. A gulu osiyana ndi mikangano mayiko (zitsanzo zimene ife nthawi zonse onani nkhani), kuphatikizapo pakati limati munthu aliyense coalitions awo.

Mkangano pakati pa munthu ndi gulu

mtundu uwu ndi ambiri amapezeka choncho kumene mmodzi yekha mu gulu sakufuna akhale ophunzira otsala posonyeza khalidwe nonconformist. Mwina wachita zinazake zomwe amati n'kosaloleka kuti amakwiya mikangano mu gulu. Mwachitsanzo, filimu akhoza kuchita Roland Bykov "modzaza" (1983), mmene mbali yaikulu, Lena Bessoltseva kumatsutsana ndi kalasi. Komanso kukwapula chitsanzo cha khalidwe ndi gulu Nonconformist n'zothandiza nkhondo chisoni tsoka Italy nzeru zapamwamba Giordano Bruno.

mitundu ya nkhondo

gulu limeneli ndi kulunjika ena a kanthu kuti apange nkhondo ya. Mwa mitundu enieni amene kuthekera yatsoka nkhondo, ndi zotsatirazi (Samsonova N. V.): mtsutso (kutsutsana) amanena, kutsutsidwa, Kunyanyala, amenye, zonyoza zimayenda, amenye, kumwa (choipa), mzere, kuopseza, udani, kulowererana , kukakamiza, kumenya nkhondo (ndale mikangano). Zitsanzo mkangano komanso kusamvetsetsana akhoza kupezeka m'madera sayansi, yomwe kamodzinso zimatsimikizira kuthekera nkhondo zaphindu.

Pakuti mitundu yonse ya mikangano mukhoza kuganizira ongolankhula njira zitatu zikuluzikulu:

• chilimbikitso;
• situational;
• chidziwitso.

angalimbikitsire njira

Kumbali ya njira imeneyi, zoipa za munthu wina kapena gulu loposa chithunzithunzi mavuto ake mkati. Mwachitsanzo, ndi Freud malo autogruppovaya kudana mosalephera chikhalidwe cha mogwirizana aliyense yapakati-gulu, ndi chilengedwe. Ntchito yaikulu ya chidani - njira kukhala bata mkati ndi cohesion wa gululo. A malo apadera mu nkhani iyi wotanganidwa ndi mikangano ya ndale. Zitsanzo angapezeke mu mbiri ya mapangidwe kayendedwe lopondereza ku Germany ndi Italy (lingaliro apamwamba mitundu), komanso mbiri ya nkhondo yolimbana ndi "adani a anthu" mu nthawi ya repressions Stalin. Freud kugwirizana mapangidwe limagwirira autogruppovoy nkhanza "akunja" kwa Oedipus zovuta, ndi chibadwa cha ofuna chizindikiritso maganizo ndi mtsogoleri wa gulu la -. 'Tate', etc. Kuchokera maganizo a makhalidwe abwino sangatengedwe kukhala zenizeni monga nkhondo zaphindu. Zitsanzo mitundu ndi misa mantha Komabe, anasonyeza kuti n'zotheka yolimbikitsa mamembala a gulu lina atasemphana ndi zina.

The ndewu ndi maganizo ongolankhula wa American zamaganizo Leonard Berkowitz ngati imodzi mwa njira zomwe chifungulo cha mikangano intergroup mu mtima wachibale kulandidwa. Kuti ndi limodzi mwa magulu kuunikira malo awo mmadera momwe udindo zambiri ovutika poyerekeza ndi magulu ena. Mu kulandidwa uli ndi malire, monga ovutika malo kwenikweni sangakhale olondola.

njira situational

Njira imeneyi lolunjika pa zinthu zina, zinthu kuchititsa yatsoka ndi kulunjika wa mkangano. Motero, zamaganizo Turkey maphunziro Muzaffer Shefifi aona kuti ukali wa gulu wina ndi mzake yafupika kwambiri ngati, m'malo chilengedwe mpikisano iwo Amawapatsa zinthu mogwirizana (kufunika kukhazikitsa zochitika olowa imene Zingadalire mmene ntchito wamba onse). Choncho, Shefifi lapeza kuti zinthu za vutoli, ndipo magulu a kucheza, ndi yofunika kwambiri kudziŵa mukupanga kapena mpikisano chikhalidwe cha mogwirizana intergroup.

njira chidziwitso

Pankhaniyi, amatsimikiza udindo waukulu wa kachitidwe chidziwitso (maganizo) nawo nkhondo wina ndi mzake. Choncho, vuto la nkhondo intergroup ukali wa gulu wina ndi mzake si kwenikweni chifukwa cha cholinga nkhondo zinthu (lomwe likunenedwa mu chiphunzitso yokhudza mikangano mu chimango cha njira situational). Choncho, palibe amene mukupanga / mpikisano chikhalidwe cha zinthu chimakhala chinthu zikuluzikulu mu intergroup ndiponso zimene ankachita lotha ndi zikuchitika pa zoikamo wake gulu. Paokha, zolinga akukhudzidwira ndi kuthetsa kusamvana pakati pa adani - izo zimatengera mapangidwe maganizo kakhalidwe ka pogwirizanitsa gulu ndipo amathandiza kuthetsa kutsutsa.

Tedzhfel Turner ndipo anayamba chiphunzitso Pawokha chikhalidwe, umene mikangano pakati pa magulu si chifukwa kofunika chilungamo chikhalidwe (mosiyana angalimbikitsire njira). Mopanda chilungamo imeneyi, anthu ali ndi mwayi wosankha munthu kapena zinthu zina tingagonjetsere tchimo.

Conflictological chikhalidwe cha umunthu

Kaya pali mikangano mayiko zitsanzo za zimene bwino kwambiri anasonyeza zowononga khalidwe nkhondo mbali; kapena tikulankhula za mkangano zazing'ono pakati pa anzake ndi zofunika kwambiri akuoneka njira yabwino kunja. Luso mbali yotsutsana ndi kupeza kukondera mu zovuta nkhondo, kuletsa awo zowononga khalidwe, onani chiyembekezo zotheka mgwirizano zina ndi otsutsa ameneŵa - zonsezi ndi chinsinsi zotheka zabwino zotsatira zake. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ziribe kanthu momwe zofunika anali okwana mfundo pagulu, chuma, chikhalidwe ndi malamulo dongosolo anthu, chiyambi cha kukuchititsa zimenezi anthu ena yeniyeni. Monga mtsinje kumayambira mitsinje yaing'ono.

Ndi za conflictological adzadziwire chikhalidwe. Lolingana mfundo zikuphatikizapo luso ndiponso chikhumbo cha munthu kuti kupewa ndi kusamvana nkhondo chikhalidwe (Samsonova N. V.). Pankhaniyi m'pofunika kukumbukira mfundo "nkhondo zaphindu". Zitsanzo nkhondo zikusinthira (kuganizira awo yakuthwa ndipo ambiri authunthu) chionetsero kani, pakalibe mogwirizana aliyense zaphindu nkhondo. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mfundo conflictological adzadziwire chikhalidwe ayenera kuwaganizira osati osati kwambiri monga wa zinthu mulingo woyenera Kuthetsa nkani zochimwilana pakati pa anthu, komanso chinthu chofunika wa socialization munthu aliyense masiku ano.