Physiocrats - ndani izi? oimira Physiocrats

Mu XVI m'ma ganizo chuma Ulaya lasintha kwambiri: anayamba kufufuza yogwira kwa ongolankhula magwero capitalist chuma. nthawi iyi yovuta ndi zapamwamba nthawi wosazindikira kudzikundikira likulu, nthawi imene ku Ulaya anayamba kusinthanitsa ndi kukula ndale, ndi zina zotero. D. Pa nthawi iyi, bourgeoisie recaptures malo, osati ndale komanso kayendetsedwe ka zachuma.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo panali kusintha kwa otchedwa chiphunzitso chakale ku France, kumene kunali sukulu ya Physiocrats, woyambitsa umene unali wotchuka Fransua Kene.

physiocracy Kodi ndi amene ali physiocrats?

Lingaliro la "physiocracy" amachokera ku pophatikizana cha mawu a Chigiriki "physis" omwe anamasuliridwa kuti "chilengedwe" ndi "kratos", kutanthauza mphamvu, mphamvu, ulamuliro. Physiocracy - dzina la mmodzi wa malo otchuka kwambiri otchedwa chakale chuma ndale, ndi Physiocrats - kuti moyenera, anthu a kukuchititsa zimenezi. Ngakhale kuti sukulu anayambitsa mu France mu zaka za m'ma XVIII (mu 1750, malinga ndi magwero ambiri), pamene dziko ikukula mofulumira mavuto a dongosolo ang'onoang'ono, mawu akuti "Physiocrats" anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito cha m'ma XIX. Iwo anayamba ndi DuPont de A Nemours, amene lofalitsidwa ntchito za anayambitsa sukulu French wa chuma - F. Koehne. Okha oimira madera adalipo kudzitcha ndi "chuma" ndi chiphunzitso chakuti iwo anayamba ndi amene anali kumbali anali - ". Chuma ndale" Physiocrats - mbali ya "chilengedwe" mu moyo chuma cha anthu, amene mwamphamvu kumbuyo mfundo yakuti chikhalidwe cha dziko lapansi - ichi ndi chokhacho palokha chinthu cha ulimi.

Magwero a chiphunzitso cha Physiocrats

Malinga ambiri English, Russian ndi German azambiriyakale, anayambitsa chuma ndale ndi Adam Smith. Komabe, asayansi French kutsutsa maganizo amenewa kukangana kuti zikamera wa sayansi - wosiyana mtengo wa Physiocrats School. Mtsutso wawo kuti Adam Smith yekha ankafuna kuthera ntchito yake yaikulu "chuma cha Nations" anazindikira mtsogoleri wa Physiocrats - Fransua Kene.

Physiocracy m'malo otchedwa mercantilism, lomwe dongosolo kuposa chiphunzitso. Komanso, mercantilists analephera kulenga zonse kunachitika chiphunzitso sayansi. Choncho, Physiocrats oyenera kutchulidwa chomveka ndi amene anayambitsa chuma ndale. Iwo atapereka kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya mfundo yakuti anthu a anatsimikiza ndi chilengedwe cha moyo. Mu malingaliro awo, ndi okwanira kupeza malamulo zokhudza moyo azachuma, kudzakhala kotheka kuti akonze chiphunzitso cha kubalana ndi chuma cha anthu a anthu. Ndi awo njira deductive ndi ofanana kwambiri njira Adam Smith ndi owayimilira ena otchuka wa zachuma "chakale".

Chiphunzitso cha Physiocrats ndizosowa

Physiocrats - ndi otsutsa mercantilism, amene kwenikweni anatha kulenga ambiri sayansi zachuma. Analongosola zofuna za alimi lalikulu, capitalists, nadzinenera kuti agriculturalists (alimi) ndi zipatso m'kalasi anthu.

Mfundo yaikulu ya Physiocrats ali motere:

1. Malamulo a zachuma zosiyana zachilengedwe khalidwe, ndiye, iwo sangakhoze kumvetsa munthu aliyense. Mu nkhani ya kupatuka pang'ono kuchokera izi ndondomeko malamulo opanga amatipeza kusokonezedwa.
2. Chiphunzitso chuma cha Physiocrats ndi maziko a chiyembekezo kuti gwero la chuma ndi dera kupanga, makamaka ulimi.
3. Makampani anachiwona kuti chikhoza kukhala wosabereka, wosapatsa chuma dera.
4. Ndi ouma physiocrats munda analembedwa ndi ntchito zamalonda.
5. Koyera mankhwala Physiocrats ankamuona ngati kusiyanitsa ya katundu opangidwa mu ulimi, ndi mtengo chofunika kutulutsa iwo.
6. Atalipenda gawo lenileni la likulu, ndi Physiocrats (oimira zinthu alimi) linanena kuti munthu ayenera kusiyanitsa "patsogolo pachaka" (ntchito likulu), "patsogolo chachikulu" (chuma atathana) ndi ndalama pachaka, amene, mu maganizo awo, ndi gulu la alimi munda thumba chachikulu .
7. ndalama sali m'gulu lililonse la mitundu patsogolo. Ngakhale kuti "ndalama likulu" Ndilo lingaliro kuti ndi nthawi ukugwira ntchito chiphunzitso ano zachuma, Physiocrats Komabe, kodi si ntchito, kukangana kuti ndalama ndi wosabala, ali ndi ubwino yekha ntchito zawo a sing'anga kuwombola. Komanso ankakhulupirira kuti ndalama inu simungakhoze, chifukwa pambuyo kuchotsa iwo kuchokera kufalitsidwa, iwo mosatsata yawo okha akupindula, ntchito - kukhala njira kuwombola katundu.
8. Nkhani ya misonkho chiphunzitso cha Physiocrats amabwera pansi kuti mfundo zitatu:

- misonkho zachokera gwero la ndalama;

- misonkho ayenera kuthi kukakomana ndi ndalama;

- mtengo makonzedwe msonkho sayenera kwambiri.

Fransua Kene ndi gome lake zachuma

Mbali zachuma a mtundu French ya theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVIII anali wamuloŵerera. malingaliro amene anasonyeza ndi kugawidwa mu Physiocrats misa. Oimira kukuchititsa zimenezi wa zachuma chakale kusankha mafunso mmene Zitatero ayenera ubwenzi zachuma pakati pa anthu malinga ndi chilengedwe, komanso tiyenera mfundo za ubale deta. Woyambitsa wa sukulu ya Physiocrats Fransua Kene anabadwa mu mzinda wa Paris mu 1694. Ndi ntchito sanali zachuma, ndipo anatumikira monga dokotala pa bwalo la Louis XV. Mavuto a zachuma, iye anakhala ndi chidwi kufika zaka makumi asanu.

Chopereka chachikulu cha F. Quesnay anali chilengedwe cha wotchuka "tebulo chuma". Ntchito yake, iye anasonyeza mmene okwana mankhwala analengedwa mu ulimi, nagawanika pakati pa magulu a anthu alipo. Quesnay anasankha makalasi zotsatirazi:

- ntchito (alimi ndi alimi);

- wosabala (amalonda ndi opanga);

- eni masitolo amamangitsa (nzika, komanso mfumu).

Malinga Quesnay, kayendedwe ka pachaka okwana mankhwala tichipeza masitepe 5 maziko kapena zochita:

1. Alimi kugula kwa alimi mankhwala chakudya kuchuluka kwa franc 1 biliyoni. Zimenezi umabwerera kwa alimi franc 1 biliyoni, ndi 1/3 ya mankhwala pachaka sanatchulidwenso kufalitsidwa.
2. Ppb zimapangidwa eni kalasi rents eni dziko kupeza mankhwala mafakitale anapanga "wosabala" kalasi.
3. Industrialists kugula miliyoni alimi (lapansi kalasi) chakudya. Choncho alimi, anapita ku lotsatira biliyoni 2/3 mankhwala kale pachaka kutha kwa kufalitsidwa.
4. Alimi kugula kuchokera opanga kutulutsa katundu. Mtengo wa katundu anagula m'gulu la mtengo wa mankhwala pachaka.
5. Industrialists kugula biliyoni chifukwa alimi popanga zipangizo zopangira kwa kupanga malonda awo. Choncho, kayendedwe pachaka mankhwala kumathandiza kuti reimbursement ndalama ntchito makampani ndithu pa ulimi, ngati chinthu chachikulu kwa resumption la ndondomeko kupanga.

Pankhani misonkho, F. Quesnay ankakhulupirira kuti ayenera mlandu yekha ndi nzika. Kuchuluka kwa msonkho adzakhala mu maganizo ake, 1/3 mankhwala choyera.

F. Quesnay chilengedwe mfundo wakhala akupangidwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri ndicho malamulo makhalidwe omwe tiyenera kukhala boma lililonse nzika munthu ayenera kukhala mosiyana ndi zofuna za anthu onse.

Mfundo zikuluzikulu Physiocrat A. Turgot

A. Turgot anabadwa mu 1727 ku France ndi maphunziro Sorbonne mphamvu ya Theology. Likufanana ndi ichi, anali ndi chidwi zachuma. Kwa zaka ziwiri, kuyambira 1774 mpaka 1776 A. Turgot anali Comptroller General. Labor, zimene zinabweretsa kutchuka Physiocrats amatchedwa "M'mbuyo pa chilengedwe ndi chuma", inasindikizidwa mu 1770.

Ngati Physiocrats zina, A. Turgot anaumirira kupereka ufulu wonse ntchito zachuma ndi ankanena kuti gwero yekha zochuluka mankhwala ndi ulimi. Iye anali woyamba anatsindika mu kalasi "olima" ndi la "amisiri" antchito, ogwira wodziimira ndi amalonda.

A. Turgot anali kukonza "chilamulo cha kuchepetsa akadzabweranso", chimene aliyense kuphatikana wotsatira ku dziko, kaya ntchito kapena likulu wopereka zotsatira ang'onoang'ono kuposa ubwenzi m'mbuyomu, ndipo panthawi ina apo pakubwera malire pamene zotsatira zina chabe sizinali zotheka kuti apindule.

mamembala ena otchuka physiocracy

The ntchito za Physiocrats mu chuma France sitiyenera kuderera tanthauzo lake. malingaliro awo zikugwirizananso ndi ntchito za amenewa umunthu odziwika bwino monga Pierre de Lepezan Boisguillebert ndi Richard Cantillon.

Per De Boisguillebert kudziwika kwa mbiri munthu amene kuika patsogolo mfundo za wotchuka «Laisser faire, laisser odutsa» chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa mfundo yaikulu ya chuma. Iye zikuchepa anatsutsa chiphunzitso cha mercantilism, koma pa nthawi yomweyo amapereka lingaliro inanyamula kulemera kwa Physiocrats School. Oimira mercantilism, malinga Boisguillebert ayenera abwereze ndi masomphenya awo m'munda wa chuma, zomwe si zogwirizana ndi zenizeni za moyo.

Malinga Boisguillebert, n'koyenera misonkho okhawo omwe si zosemphana ndi chilengedwe, ndipo amathandiza kuti chitukuko cha ntchito zachuma. Iye anatsutsa popanda kusokonezedwa ndi Boma moyo chuma cha mfumu, ndipo anafuna ndi ufulu malonda mwaufulu anthu. Komanso, iye anali mmodzi wa olemba a ntchito chiphunzitso cha mtengo, ponena kuti phindu katundu kadzaganiziridwa pa ntchito ndi mtengo wa muyeso - ntchito nthawi.

R. Cantillon anabadwa mu Ireland, koma kwa nthawi yaitali kwambiri ankakhala France. Mu 1755 iye anatulutsa ntchito yaikulu "Nkhani ya chikhalidwe ndi zamalonda." Ntchito yake, iye anayizindikira angapo ngozi zimene zingaononge dziko ngati angathe kutsatira nkhani yolembedwa "kugula mtengo ndi kugulitsa zodula." R. Cantillon anaona kuti pakati pa kotunga panopa msika ndi kufunika, pali kusiyana chifukwa zomwe n'zotheka kuti chinachake mtengo ndi kugulitsa, motero, okwera mtengo kwambiri. Anthu amene ntchito mpata umenewu awo mwayi, anaitana "amalonda".

Kufala kwa chiphunzitso cha Physiocrats kunja France

Physiocrats - sikuti French amene anayambitsa sukulu ya Physiocrats ndi kumbuyo maganizo ake mu dziko. Physiocrats komanso adadzikweza Germany Shlettveyn, Springer, Movilon Italy Bandini, Delphic, Sarkiani, Swiss Schaeffer, Olaf Runeberg, Hidenius, Brunkman, Westerman, Zitsulo Stroynovsky B., A. Poplavsky ndi ena ambiri.

Physiocrats malingaliro makamaka anapeza mbali zambiri mu Germany. Wotchuka kwambiri muno, Karl-Friedrich, amene amafuna kusintha dongosolo msonkho. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kusankha midzi zingapo, bambo ija misonkho m'mbuyomo ndipo m'malo anayambitsa msonkho imodzi 1/5 la "zopeza asanachotse" anachokera ku ntchito lapansi.

Mu Italy, chiphunzitso cha Physiocrats kunathandiza yaikulu kusintha ndi ophatikizidwa mu moyo wa Tuscany, Leopold.

Mu Sweden physiocracy komanso recaptures malo. Kwambiri mercantilism unayamba kuchepa mphamvu, ndi Physiocrats sanaphonye mwayi wake. Chidwi kwambiri kwa woimira awo anali Hidenius amene analankhula za gwero komanso amachititsa umphawi wa boma. Komanso, Iye chidwi ndi funso la emigration. Iye anayesetsa kudziwa mavuto a zodabwitsazi ndi kukhala miyeso kuthetsa izo.

About Poland tisaiwale kuti mu dziko lino, ulimi kunali kofunika kwambiri yogwiritsa ntchito anthu akadali kutali m'ma XVI. Kuti n'chifukwa chake mwamsanga anapeza mbali yake lingaliro limene anakankhira physiocrats French. Mu Poland, chuma anakumana kusintha Mkhalidwe mu kakhalidwe ka moyo wa strata pakati pa anthu kwambiri kuchuluka.

Likumveka physiocracy ku Russia

Ngakhale Russia sanali oimira wangwiro wa Physiocrats, koma ena makonzedwe a kukuchititsa zimenezi kumlingo mukopedwe ulamuliro wa Catherine II. Mwachitsanzo, mu zaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro wake Mfumukazi amapha mafakitale chambiri kupanga mankhwala, ndipo March 17, 1775 limafalitsa ndi Ndondomeko kuti analengeza mfundo za mpikisano ufulu. Mu 1765 iwo unalengedwa ndi Free Economic Society, anthu ake anali Russian kumbali ya Ntchito physiocracy. Mmodzi wa iwo anali Katswiriyu Andrei Bolotov.

Wotchedwa Dmitry Golitsyn anali Russian nthumwi ku Paris ndipo nthawi zambiri nawo misonkhano ya Physiocrats ndi French. Popeza anauziridwa ndi malingaliro awo, izo tikulimbikitsidwa kuti Catherine II kutumiza mwana Pierre Quesnay de A La Riviera kuitana kukaona Russia. Kufika mu dziko, Riviere anapanga mapeto zokhumudwitsa kuti serfdom mosiyana ndi "chilengedwe", kufotokoza maganizo ake ndi olakwika ndipo kenako, patapita miyezi 8, anatumizidwa ku France.

Golitsyn Zikatero, atalemba kulola alimi ufulu wa munthu ndi kuwapatsa ufulu kukhala ndi katundu munthu. dziko inaperekedwa kusiya chuma cha nzika, amene akhoza pangano kwa alimi.

Popeza 70 ntchentche. XVIII m'ma Catherine II udasintha modabwitsa maganizo ake za Physiocrats. Tsopano iye akuyamba akudandaula kuti watopa ndi obsessions wake ndi malangizo pa mpata uliwonse akuwatcha kuti "ranters" kapena "akupusitsa padziko."

Kuipa kwa ziphunzitso za Physiocrats

Ndipo mercantilists ndi physiocrats zambiri amawanena kuti maganizo ake. Mwa zolakwa zikuluzikulu za Physiocrats sukulu zotsatirazi tisaiwale:

1. The drawback yaikulu ya chiphunzitso patsogolo ndi physiocrats ndi, amagwirizana kwenikweni ndi kumaganiza kuti ulimi ndi gawo chabe kulenga chuma.
2. ndalama Labor atsimikiziridwa yekha mu ulimi.
3. Physiocrats amanena kuti mtundu okha zochuluka mankhwala ndi kuuluka lendi.
4. Adayala zoona zimene zinali zofanana ndi mtengo wa ntchito ndi gwero la dziko.
5. Iwo analephera kuchita bwinobwino komanso mabuku kusanthula njira za kubereka, kuyambira mafakitale anali samaoneka ndi iwo monga gwero la mtengo.

Mphamvu ya ziphunzitso za Physiocrats

Mwa ubwino ndi chiphunzitso cha Physiocrats ayenera kuunikila zotsatirazi:

1. Chimodzi mwa zoyenereza yaikulu ya Physiocrats kuti iwo anakwanitsa kusamutsa kafukufuku dera la kupanga. Mwachitsanzo awo Pambuyo pake chakale chuma zandale.
2. mitundu Bourgeois wa Physiocrats kupanga sankaoneka ngati thupi, mwachitsanzo zachilengedwe ndi palokha mwa anthu, kapena dongosolo la ndale za dziko. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha chiphunzitso cha Kudziwa malamulo a zachuma.
3. Kumbuyo view kuti chuma ndi ntchito mtengo, osati ndalama.
4. Anali asayansi woyamba amene anapereka kusiyanitsa zipatso ndi ntchito wosabereka.
5. Anapereka tanthauzo la "likulu."
6. N'koyenera gulu la anthu m'magulu atatu waukulu.
7. F. Quesnay mu "tebulo zachuma" anapanga pofuna kuti achite yoyesa za ndondomeko ya kubereka.
8. Kutola mutu wa kuwombola ofanana, ndi Physiocrats anakanthanso wolemetsa chiphunzitso cha mercantilists ndi anatsimikizira kuti kuwombola pakokha gwero la chuma.

Popeza Physiocrats a lingaliro kulenga chuma yekha mu ulimi, iwo analamula kuti boma kuletsa misonkho onse gawo mafakitale. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, panali zinthu chitukuko zachibadwa za bizinesi.