Zomwe zimachitika m'magazi - ndi chiyani?

Malo osungira omwe amaphunzira zochitika ndi kusintha kwa zochitika zenizeni zofalitsa, mmodzi wa omwe akuimira awo si a Newtonian omwe ali ndi maonekedwe a viscosity, ndi rheology. M'nkhani ino, timaganizira za magazi. Zomwe ziri, zimakhala zomveka.

Tanthauzo

Madzi osakhala a Newtonian ndi magazi. Plasma imatchedwa, ngati ilibe zinthu zofanana. Magazi a magazi ndi plasma imene mulibe fibrinogen.

Hemorheology, kapena rheology, kafukufuku wopanga mawonekedwe, makamaka momwe thupi limasinthira ndi kusinthasintha pamitundu yosiyana ndi malo osiyana pamabedi. Malo ake, malo ogwira ntchito a magazi, mgwirizano wa mtima amadziwa kuyenda kwa magazi m'thupi. Pamene kuthamanga kwapakati kochepa kumakhala kochepa, timagazi ta magazi timayenda mofanana ndi mzere wa chotengera ndi wina ndi mzake. Pachifukwa ichi, mtsinje uli ndi khalidwe loyeretsa, ndipo kutuluka kumatchedwa laminar. Kotero ndi chiyani zomwe zimapezeka? Pa izi - mopitirira.

Nambala ya Reynolds ndi chiyani?

Panopa kuwonjezereka kwapakati pazomwe zimakhala ndi mtengo wapatali, womwe ndi wosiyana ndi ziwiya zonse, kutuluka kwaphalala kumakhala kosavuta, kosasokonezeka, kutchedwa kuthamanga. Chiwerengero cha kusintha kwa ma laminar kuti chisokonezeko chimawerengetsera nambala ya Reynolds, yomwe ili pafupifupi 1160 kwa mitsempha ya magazi. Malinga ndi nambala za Reynolds, chiwawa chimangowoneka m'malo pomwe sitima zazikulu, komanso aorta. M'ziwiya zambiri, madziwa amachoka mwala.

Kuyeza kwa shear ndi kupanikizika kwa ubweya

Osati kokha kosavuta komanso koyendetsa magazi kameneka ndi kofunikira, magawo awiri ofunikira amaonetsa kayendetsedwe ka chotengera: kuthamanga kwa msana ndi kupsinjika kwa ubweya. Kupanikizika kwa ubweya ndi mphamvu yomwe imagwira ntchito imodzi pamtunda, yomwe imayikidwa mu pascals kapena dynes / cm ² . Mlingo wa mchenga umayesedwa mu masekondi amphindi (s-1), ndipo amatanthawuza kukula kwa mpweya wozungulira pakati pa zigawo zamadzi zomwe zimayenda mofanana pa mtunda wautali pakati pawo.

Ndi zizindikiro ziti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito?

Chiŵerengero cha kupsyinjika kwa kupweteka kwa ubweya chimayambitsa mamasukidwe akayendedwe a magazi, omwe amayeretsedwa mPas. Mu zonse madzi, viscosity zimadalira kukameta ubweya mlingo wa 0.1-120 ^s-1 . Ngati mlingo wa shear ndi> 100 ^s-1 , ma viscosity amasiyana kwambiri, ndipo atatha kufika pa sati ya 200 ^s-1 amakhala osasinthika. Mtengo woyezedwa pa mlingo wokwera mkweya umatchedwa asymptotic. Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi maonekedwe a maselo, hematocrit ndi aggregation. Ndipo podziwa kuti pali maselo ofiira ambiri ophwanya magazi poyerekezera ndi mapalelet ndi leukocyte, iwo makamaka amadziwika ndi maselo ofiira. Izi zikuwonetsedwa muzimene zimagawidwa magazi.

Zinthu zopanda pake

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri chodziŵika ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe a minofu ndi a erythrocyte ambiri, omwe ali ndi mavenda ambiri ndi okhutira, amatchedwa hematocrit. Ndi pafupifupi 0,4-0.5 l / l ndipo imatsimikiziridwa ndi centrifugation kuchokera ku magazi. Plasma ndi madzi otchedwa Newtonian omwe ali ndi mavitamini omwe amachititsa mapuloteni, ndipo zimadalira kutentha. Mawonekedwe a viscosity amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi globulins ndi fibrinogen. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimapangitsa kuti kusintha kwa majekesitiki a plasma ndiwopuloteni: albumin / fibrinogen, albumin / globulin chiŵerengero. Kuwonjezeka kumachitika ndi aggregation, wotsimikiziridwa ndi khalidwe losakhala la Newtonian la magazi athunthu, lomwe limatsimikizira mphamvu zonse za maselo ofiira a magazi. Kugawanika kwa erythrocyte thupi ndi njira yothetsera. Ndicho chimene chiri - mauthenga a magazi.

Mapangidwe a aggregates ndi erythrocytes amadalira makina, hemodynamic, electrostatic, plasma ndi zina. Masiku ano pali ziphunzitso zambiri zomwe zimalongosola njira ya erythrocyte aggregation. Chodziwika kwambiri lerolino ndicho chiphunzitso cha mlathowu, malinga ndi madokolo omwe amachokera ku mapuloteni akuluakulu a ma molecule, fibrinogen, ndi Y-globulins amavutitsidwa pamwamba pa erythrocytes. Magulu amphamvuwa ndi oyera - uwu ndi kusiyana pakati pa mphamvu ya ubweya wazimeta (kumayambitsa kusagwirizana), kusungunuka kwa magetsi a erythrocyte, omwe amalembedwa molakwika, ndi mphamvu pamabwalo. Mankhwala omwe amachititsa kukonza macromolecules opweteka kwambiri pa erythrocytes, kutanthauza, Y-globulin, fibrinogen, sichinawamvetsetse bwinobwino. Pali lingaliro lomwe ma molekyulu amagwirizanitsidwa chifukwa cha mphamvu zowonongeka za van der Waals ndi zofooka za hydrogen zofooka.

Kodi chimathandiza chiyani kuti muone ngati magazi ali ndi magazi otani?

Kodi ndi chifukwa chotani cha maselo ofiira a magazi?

Kulongosola kwa erythrocyte aggregation kumalongosolanso ndi kuwonongeka, kusakhala kwa mapuloteni apamwamba kwambiri pafupi ndi erythrocytes, omwe amawoneka kuti akutsutsana, zomwe zimakhala zofanana ndi chikhalidwe cha chisokonezo cha macromolecular ndi osmotic, zomwe zimayambitsa njira yosungunuka ya particles. Kuwonjezera apo, pali chiphunzitso chogwirizanitsa chiwerengero cha erythrocyte ndi zinthu zowopsya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchepa kwa zeta kutheke ndi kusintha kwa metabolism ndi mawonekedwe a erythrocytes.

Chifukwa cha mgwirizano pakati pa ma viscosity ndi magulu akuluakulu a erythrocytes, kuti muwone momwe magazi akugwiritsidwira ntchito komanso momwe zimakhalira m'ziwiyazo, m'pofunika kuyesa zovuta za zizindikiro izi. Imodzi mwa njira zomwe zimawoneka bwino komanso zowonjezera poyeza kuchuluka kwa aggregation ndi kuyesa kwa mlingo wa erythrocyte sedimentation. Komabe, chikhalidwe cha chiyeso chimenechi sichidziwika bwino, chifukwa sichilingalira zizindikiro za rheological.

Njira zoyezera

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa zizindikiro za magazi ndi zifukwa zomwe zimawakhudza, zimatha kuganiza kuti kuyesa kwa magazi kumakhudzidwa ndi dziko lonse. Masiku ano, ochita kafukufuku akuyang'anitsitsa kuphunzirira zamagetsi zamadzimadzi, komabe, komanso maviscometry sanagwiritsidwe ntchito. Njira zazikulu zowunikira magazi zimatha kukhazikitsidwa m'magulu awiri: ndi munda wa zopanikizika ndi zotayika, phokoso lofanana, phokoso, phokoso, ndi zina zomwe zimakhala ndi ma geometry osiyana siyana; Ndili ndi munda wa kufooka ndi kupsinjika kosavomerezeka - malingana ndi lamulo lolembetsa la magetsi, magetsi, mawotchi, zipangizo zomwe zimagwira ntchito ndi Stokes njira, capillary viscometers. Izi ndi momwe zizindikiro za magazi, plasma ndi seramu zimayesedwa.

Mitundu iwiri ya viscometers

Mitundu iwiri ya viscosimeters tsopano ndiyo yofala kwambiri : zozungulira ndi zojambula. Palinso ma viscometers omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa madzi omwe akuyesedwa. Tsopano akugwira nawo ntchito zosiyanasiyana kusintha kosinthika.

Kutsiliza

Tiyeneranso kudziwa kuti zomwe zikuchitika pa chitukuko cha njira zamakono zimathandiza kuti munthu aphunzire zamagazi komanso zakuthupi kuti azitha kulamulira matenda ochepetsa mphamvu zamagetsi ndi zamagazi. Komabe, kupititsa patsogolo njira zowonetsera hemorheology, zomwe zingagwiritse ntchito mosamalitsa zokhudzana ndi zida za Newtonian madzi, zothandiza pakali pano.