A zosiyanasiyana zomera. ndi kuchuluka zomera zimene

Kuyang'anitsitsa pawindo kapena basi kuyenda mu msewu, mukhoza umasinthasintha amasirira kukongola kwa chilengedwe. Ndipo zokongolazi wapangidwa kwenikweni zomera zokha. Chotero zosiyanasiyana owala, tikuyamba ndi yowutsa mudyo, iwo basi zimakopa apisanjike manja, kusangalala kununkhira ndi zochita zambiri amasirira kukongola.

The zosiyanasiyana zamoyo chomera

O, pali zosiyanasiyana zomera! Total chibwenzi pali 350,000 mitundu ya zilombo wapadera chikhalidwe. Onse a iwo sali ofanana ndi dongosolo kunja, ndipo pa moyo ndi mbali mkati.

Mu dongosolo organic dziko kutenga lonse chomera ufumu. Gulu zosavuta zamoyo izi udzakhala wakuti:

• m'munsi (thupi lagawidwa ziwalo, izi algae ndi lichens);
• apamwamba (thupi lagawidwa ziwalo, ndi iwo amene ali muzu, mapulaniwo ndi masamba).

Nawonso zomera zosiyanasiyana za gulu apamwamba zikusonyezedwa gulu m'magulu awa:

1. N'ngopatsirana (ndere, Mumapezekanso, horsetails, kalabu ndere).
2. Gymnosperms (conifers, Ginkgo, sagovnikovye).
3. Angiosperms, kapena zomera maluwa.

Gulu lirilonse ali zake mwadongosolo makalasi, genera ndi mitundu, nchifukwa chake zosiyanasiyana zomera padziko lathuli ndi kwakukulu.

zamoyo

Imodzi mwa malo aakulu amene anthu a zomera kusiyana ndi mzake, ndi maonekedwe. Ndi mbali ya maziko gulu la zamoyo. Bzalani zosiyanasiyana Tingaone, ngati ife m'kagulu m'magulu:

1. Mitengo (conifers: paini, spruce, Oil ndi monga; deciduous: birch, thundu, popula, apulo, etc.).
2. Tchire (Lilac, otuwira, honeysuckle, ndi zina zotero. D.).
3. Tchire (currants, ananyamuka m'chiuno, raspberries).
4. Zitsamba (chowawa, Astragalus, eurotia, Salsola).
5. Semishrubs (lavender, tchire).
6. Grass (mphasa udzu, sedge, amaiwala ine, Solomo chisindikizo, maluwa, ndi zina zotero).

Gawo chino chikulongosola yekha apamwamba angiosperm zomera, amene ambiri a dziko.

algae

The zosiyanasiyana nyama ndi zomera m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja wakhala amalemekezedwa Ofufuza ndi okonda dziko m'madzi. Kukongola ndi zachilendo, zokongola, woopsa ndi chitetezo, iwo amapanga dziko lonse, osati kwathunthu unexplored, kotero zosangalatsa ndiponso zabwino ndiponso zodabwitsa.

Kodi anthu a zomera opezeka kuno? algae Izi ndi zomera za m'madzi, anali pa pamwamba madzi kapena adalowetsedwa ku nsana wake ndi mbali ya tsinde la.

Ndere yagawidwa m'magawo angapo:

1. Buluu wobiriwira (mwachitsanzo, cyanobacterium).
2. Unicellular zobiriwira (chlamydomonas, Volvox).
3. Green multicellular (ulothrix, Spirogyra, Ulvi).
4. Kelp (fucus, kelp, Sargassum).
5. Red (porphyry radimeriya).

Waukulu zimasiyanitsa mbali ya zomera MUKACHULUKIDWE chakuti thupi lawo (mwa anthu oimira multicellular) Sindife ogawanika ziwalo. Iwo ukufanizidwa ndi rhizoids ndi Thallus, akuchita ntchito ya ubwenzi gawo lapansi ndi.

Maluwa madzi masewera

The zosiyanasiyana zomera a sing'anga amadzimadzi si algae. Ambiri okongola oimira maluwa amakondwera ndi ukulu wake, akuyandama padziko madzi kapena akumira mu izo chabe.

Njirazi ndi monga:

• mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maluwa madzi;
• calla;
• vodokras wamba;
• bulrush;
• hippuris;
• loosestrife monetchaty;
• mwamantha;
• Bolotnitsa singano;
• mana;
• Urrutia madzi;
• Siberia Iris;
• madzi Ranunculus;
• Air chithaphwi ndi ena ambiri.

Bzalani zosiyanasiyana mchere ndi matupi madzi abwino kwambiri kotero kuti inu mukhoza kulenga mitunda lonse, onse yokumba ndi masoka. Anthu ntchito zomera azikongoletsa m'chere zokhala m'malo owetera, amatunga mwaukadaulo m'zigoba ndi zina zopangidwa ndi anthu.

spore

gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo za 43 zikwi Mitundu ya m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana. zomera apamwamba. The akuluakulu izi:

• Bryophyta (ndere, chiwindi, antotserotovye, kufalitsa Moss);
• Lycopsids (kalabu ndere);
• Horsetail (Equisetum).

Mbali yaikulu - ndi njira za kubereka, zimene zimachititsa mapangidwe maselo apadera - spores. Komanso chidwi n'chakuti, zomera moyo, akuchita kusinthana kwa mibadwo mu mkombero chitukuko: m'badwo kugonana asexual sporophyte gametophyte m'malo, ndi mosemphanitsa. oimira amenewa sangathe maluwa ndi mawonekedwe mbewu ndi zipatso, choncho a gulu la spore. moyo wawo amadalira kwambiri pa madzi kuswana kumachitika kokha mu chilengedwe chinyezi.

Oimira ndi tanthauzo lofunika zachuma ndi ankagwiritsa ntchito osati chikhalidwe komanso mu moyo wa munthu. Zokongoletsera, ntchito mankhwala ndi kufunika kwake kwa anthu.

coniferous

Conifers ndi zomera kuti ndi mbali zotsatirazi:

• masamba kusinthidwa mu wapadera mawonekedwe singano ngati ndipo amatchedwa "singano";
• mawonekedwe moyo wa zomera - mitengo ndi zitsamba;
• Kapangidwe mkati muli mafuta n'kofunika, resins ndi terpenes;
• mbewu anapanga, koma palibe maluwa nthawi;
• mbewu unazunguliridwa m'miyeso a cones ndi poyera, choncho dzina lina - Gymnosperms.

Species ya mitengo coniferous kwambiri, pafupifupi 630. Iwo chopereka kwambiri zosiyanasiyana wonse wa dziko mbewu, nthawi yaitali wapatali ndiponso Mitengo ina. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, pali mitengo ya paini, amene ali zaka zoposa 5000! Maonekedwe a coniferous enliven m'dera lililonse, amasangalatsa ndi ooneka ndi ukulu wake. N'lofala kwambiri monga:

• paini;
• kudya;
• mkungudza;
• larch;
• cypresses;
• chachisanu;
• mlombwa;
• yew.

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika wokongola mwa zomera ndi kuti ali yobiriwira ndi Musakhetse masamba m'nyengo yozizira ozizira nyengo (kupatulapo - larch).

Maluwa zomera, kapena angiosperms

Izi ndi waukulu kwambiri kuposa onse magulu panopa amadziwika zomera, zomwe Akuti mitundu yoposa 280 zikwi. Mbali yaikulu - ndi mapangidwe limba ubereki wabwino wa duwa lomwe lili ndi dongosolo wapadera kusinthidwa kwa kubalana.

Duwa Mphukira, ndi mbewu anapanga, limene kutetezedwa ndi minofu yoopsa. N'chifukwa chake zomera ndi amatchedwa angiosperms. Okha maluwa ali osiyanasiyana mu maonekedwe, mawonekedwe, mtundu corolla kukula kuti zitha amagoma ndi kudabwa.

zofunika kwambiri lapatsidwa pakati maluwa zomera mankhwala. Iwo kuthandiza anthu ndi nyama ndi matenda osiyanasiyana zimakhudza pafupifupi onse machitidwe thupi.

Gulu la maluwa ambiri, choncho tikambirana okha banja ambiri makalasi ziwiri zikuluzikulu - monocots ndi dicots.

1. Monocotyledons: dzinthu (rye, tirigu, Mapila, manyuchi, mapira, chimanga), kakombo (tulips, maluwa, grouse), anyezi (anyezi, adyo, osatha dambo udzu).
2. Bipartite: Rosaceae (duwa, peyala, maula, maapulo, raspberries, strawberries, anauka), Gulugufe, kapena nyemba (mtedza, lupins, mthethe, soya, nandolo, clover, nyemba), cruciferous (kabichi, kugwiririra, mpiru, horseradish , radish), nightshade (tomato, kapena tomato, tsabola, nightshade, biringanya, petunia, etc.), Asteraceae (dandelions, daisies, cornflowers, mpendadzuwa, mayi ndi akulera ana opeza, ndi ena).

A zosiyanasiyana maluwa zomera ndi aakulu kwambiri moti aphimba onse M'nkhani yomweyo, ndithudi, zosatheka. Ndipotu, banja lililonse mazana ndi zikwi za mitundu, ali ndi makhalidwe yake payekha mu kapangidwe ndi maonekedwe.

zomera wonunkha

Mwatsoka, ngakhale kukongola chosasimbika zomera ambiri ndi amphamvu katundu poizoni, ie iwo ndi poizoni osiyanasiyana woipa muli zinthu zina zimene tinga- kapena kupha anthu, nyama ndi zina zonse zamoyo.

Ndi akuluakulu ayenera atchule ana ubwana, kotero kuti iwo kudziwa m'mene n'koopsa kunja dziko. A zosiyanasiyana zomera za thupi poizoni, ndi opondapo, pali mitundu yambirimbiri. Kuti dzina ochepa oimira wamba:

• snowdrop matalala;
• Huwakinto kum'mawa;
• yophukira crocus;
• daffodils;
• Amaryllis;
• kakombo wa mzigwa;
• poppy soporific;
• lamprocapnos;
• buttercup wamba;
• Iris;
• dieffenbachia;
• rhododendrons;
• oleanders ndi ena ambiri.

N'zoonekeratu kuti gulu akhoza zimachitika mankhwala. Mlingo kuchuluka kwa mankhwala aliwonse angakhalire poizoni.

maluwa zimadya

Chidwi ndi njira yobweretsa ndi ena zomera ya kumadera otentha ndi equator dzikoli. Iwo insectivorous ndi kufalitsa osati fungo lokoma ndi yokoma komanso fungo fetid. The mitundu ikuluikulu:

• Venus flytrap;
• sundew;
• Nepenthes;
• Sarracenia;
• pemphigus;
• pinguicula.

Kunja, ndi chidwi kwambiri kuoneka yowala. Iwo ndi njira zosiyana ndi zipangizo misampha ndi chosinkhasinkha tizilombo ndi makoswe ang'ono.