Akazi Great asayansi ndi apeza. chithunzi

Nthawi zonse maganizo a dzikoli anali kuti jenda wamkazi ndi sayansi - ali osayenerana. Komabe, ofufuza wamkazi, kulimbikitsa chitukuko anthu pamisinkhu onse a mbiri, kutsutsa kuchitiridwa kuponderezedwa.

Akazi asayansi a dziko wakale

Ngakhale pamene chitukuko cha anali pachimake oyambirira, kugonana fairer mu nthawi zina anapatsidwa mwayi kuchita sayansi. Akazi ambiri asayansi ankakhala Greece wakale, ngakhale atsogoleriwa kwambiri kuti analamulira kumeneko.

Wotchuka nthumwi ya chilengedwe wasayansi Hypatia, amene ankakhala m'dziko kumapeto kwa IV - chiyambi cha V m'ma BC. e. Anali mwana wa wasayansi wotchuka Teona Aleksandriyskogo, chifukwa mwayi wamaphunziro. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, iye anaphunzitsa pa nkhani Alexandria monga anthu, masamu ndi zakuthambo, amene walemba zokhudza sayansi. Hypatia chinalinso zatsopano: inasintha zipangizo asayansi, monga distillation, ndi astrolabe ndi hydrometer.

Ancient asayansi wamkazi ku mayiko ena. Nthawi yathu isanafike wafika za Maria Profetisse, amene ankakhala mu BC Ine atumwi. e. mu Yerusalemu. Kugwira alchemy, kutsatira chitsanzo cha asayansi ambiri a m'nthawi imeneyo apangana chopereka kwambiri kutukula zimapangidwira ano. Iye alimo Kutulukira madzi Kutentha dongosolo pa kusamba nthunzi ndi woyamba kusandutsa wa akanali.

The atulukira ndi akazi asayansi

Ngakhale zoletsa aakulu pa kupeza nzeru, kugonana fairer anapitiliza kugwira ntchito pa zoyambitsidwa wake. Zikhulupiriro sayansi, terminology, ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zimene timagwilitsila nchito mu ano, adzakhazikitse ufumuwu akazi asayansi.

Choncho, njira yoyamba mapulogalamu, izo wokwatibwa ndi dona. Lady Augusta Ada Byron (1815-1851 g), mwana wamkazi wa ndakatulo otchuka pa zaka 17 anatulukira mapulogalamu atatu amasonyeza mphamvu mawunikidwe a kompyuta. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha pulogalamu. Iwo chikutchedwa limodzi mapulogalamu a Ada, kuwonjezera, akuluakulu a holide akatswiri a ntchito kuti ndi kubadwa kwa msungwana modabwitsa wanzeru - pa 10 December.

Kukambirana nkhani yakuti, "The akazi asayansi," osanenapo woimira yowala nthawi yake Marii Kyuri (1867-1934 gg.). Ichi ndi mkazi woyamba kupereka ya Nobel Prize kawiri, ndi wasayansi okha mu dziko kuti mu madera awiri osiyana. Iye ndi mwamuna wake , Pierre Curie, amene iwo sikuti anali ndi banja, komanso mgwirizano kulenga, anapeza mankhwala mchitidwe polonium. Komanso, adzaupereka kwa iwo anapeza cha mpweya wa poizoni, amene analandira mphoto apamwamba m'munda wa sayansi. The mphoto zotsatirazi kale mu Chemistry, Mariya Kyuri udachita yekha imfa ya mwamuna wake, kupitiriza ntchito mwakhama ndi kusonyeza Analandira koyera.

Kuti linali lingaliro kuti ntchito mankhwala zochizira zipsera ndi zotupa zosiyanasiyana. Pamene First World nkhondo, iye choyamba analenga makina X-ray kuti akanatha kunyamula. Polemekeza banjali anadzatchedwa mankhwala mchitidwe CI, komanso unit ya muyeso wa mpweya wa poizoni Curie.

Mndandanda wa akazi chachikulu

Hedy Lamarr (1913-2000) - The mmodzi wa akazi okongola kwambiri Hollywood, nthawi yomweyo okhala ndi nzeru undoubted ndi luso. Kukhala amene anakwatira wawo kwa Fritz Mandla, amene anali malonda chida, iye anathawa iye America, kumene anayamba ntchito zisudzo. Pa nthawi ya nkhondoyo, iye aonetsa chidwi torpedoes wailesi womwe ndi kum'thandiza zake chitukuko bungwe la National Council ya woyamba. Popeza mtima wa kugonana mkazi, akuluakulu sanafune kuti athane nalo. Komabe, chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa Ammayi, iwo sakanakhoza iye ndingosiya. Choncho, iye anandipempha kukathandiza pa Board, anagulitsa yaikulu kumangigwa. Hedy luso anamuthandiza kusonkhanitsa oposa 17 miliyoni. Iye analengeza kuti aliyense amene anagula zomangira mu kuchuluka osachepera 25,000, analandira kwa iye kukupsopsonani. Mu 1942 iye pamodzi ndi Wolemba George Antheil, anatulukira chiphunzitso cha kulumpha pamwamba. kupezeka anali kuyamikira, koma ntchito padziko lonse lapansi lerolino: mafoni, Wi-Fi 802,11 ndi GPS.

Barbara McClintock (1902-1992) - The wasayansi wamkulu, woyamba anatulukira kayendedwe ka chibadwa. Zinali iye amene loyamba mphete khromozomu, amene zaka zambiri yekha anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza matenda chibadwa. Bwino waweruzidwa Nobel Prize Barbara analandira zaka 30 kenaka, pa msinkhu wa zaka 81. Ndi nthawi mayi wina wachikulire - wotchuka wasayansi - analankhula za kafukufuku wawo ndi anapezazo padziko lonse.

akazi Russian asayansi

Chitukuko cha sayansi ku Russia ndi zosatheka kuti aganizire popanda akazi amene anapanga zopereka zikuluzikulu izo.

Ermoleva Zinaida Vissarionovna (1898-1974) - The wasayansi lopambana ndi matenda. Zinali iye amene analenga mankhwala - mankhwala, popanda zomwe n'zosatheka kulingalira mankhwala amakono. N'zosadabwitsa, koma kuti apange anapeza ake sayansi, 24 wazaka mtsikana matenda palokha matenda oopsa - kolera. Podziwa kuti ngati simungathe kupeza mankhwala, masiku ake awerengedwa, komabe amatha kudzichiza lokha. Patapita nthawi yaitali, zaka 20 pambuyo pake, nkhondo izi kale mkazi wazaka zapakati, wasayansi wamkulu, kupulumutsidwa ku mliri kolera anazinga Stalingrad. Popeza kupereka dongosolo la Lenin, ndipo kenako Stalin Prize, iye anaika onse poganizira analandira mu ndegeyo. Posakhalitsa, thambo kale zouluka womenya amene anatenga dzina la mkazi uyu chodabwitsa.

Amathandiza kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha thunthu anapanga Adamovna Krausskaya Anna (1854-1941 mzinda). Iye analandira udindo wa pulofesa popanda kuteteza ndi nkhani yolembedwa ndipo anakhala mkazi woyamba mu Russia kuti kupereka izi udindo aulemu sayansi.

No zopereka zazing'ono kwa sayansi anapanga Kovalevskaya Sofya Vasilevna (1850-1891) - The masamu Russian ndi injiniya.

Wachita kwambiri kwa nthambi ya sayansi, koma anapeza kafukufuku zofunika kwambiri ankaona kasinthasintha wa waukulu asymmetric pamwamba. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Sofya anali dona okha pa nthawiyo, anakhala katswiri wa masamu apamwamba kumpoto kwa Ulaya. Mwachitsanzo chonchi, Russian mkazi wanzeru limaphunzitsa kuti kupambana ndi chidziwitso sadalira jenda.

Asayansi madona padziko lonse

Pafupifupi dziko lililonse akhoza kudzitama za akazi kwambiri, chifukwa zomwe zasintha kwambiri sayansi.

Pakati pa kugonana chilungamo, amene dziko lonse amadziwa, dzina zikumveka Rachel Luiz Karson (1907-1964), zamoyo, akamagwira ntchito pa zinthu zachilengedwe. Mu 1962, ichi kale pakati mayi wina wachikulire, wasayansi wamkulu, zachitika nkhani zotsatira za mankhwala a zaulimi omwe poona dziko la sayansi. m'buku lake "Kanthu Nkhondo" zinachititsa kuti matenda oopsa ndi opanga mankhwala amene kuwononga ndalama baiting Rachel. Ndi bukhu ili wakhala kutsogolera kwa chilengedwe cha ambiri a chitetezo cha kayendedwe ka chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe.

Charlotte Gilman (1860-1935) - The Co-anayambitsa gulu loteteza ufulu wa akazi mu dziko. Ndiyamika talente yake chabwino cha wolemba anakhoza Atchule anthu udindo osautsidwa ndi akazi.

Osadziwika kuphunzira akazi asayansi

maganizo a anthu mwamphamvu ananyozedwa ndi akukokomeza udindo wa akazi. Research asayansi madona nthawi yomweyo sanafune kusiya Komabe, ndipo panjira yawo zopinga zambiri. Makamaka, yokonza maudindo sayansi, mosiyana ndi anzawo wamwamuna, anawapatsa Movutikira.

Research Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958 g) mu kuphunzira DNA nako kupambana kwakukulu, koma sakuwazindikiranso pa moyo wake.

Komanso, anthu ochepa mukudziwa kuti m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa zida za nyukiliya anali kugonana fairer - Liza Meytner (1878-1968 g). Iwo othyokathyoka a ureniamu phata n'kugamula kuti unyolo anachita kuti akhoza kupanga yaikulu kutulutsidwa kwa mphamvu.

Luso lopeka ndi chida champhamvu kwambiri dziko wachititsa chachikulu Poyankha anthu. Komabe, kukhulupirira zausilikali, Lisa anasiya kafukufuku lake, kukana kuti bomba. Zotsatira zake zinali zakuti mabuku ake sakudziwika, ndi Nobel Prize m'malo ali mnzake ake Otto Hahn.

Inayambira akazi asayansi

N'zovuta Musaone zopereka ndi akazi asayansi chitukuko cha sayansi dziko. Pamizu ya ambiri ziphunzitso lero zinali ndendende kugonana fairer, maina a zimene zimachizidwa kapena ayi aliwerenge. Komanso athandizapo awa, akazi a atulukira monga:

• Woyamba nyenyezi - Maria Mitchell (1847);
• wamba mizu zinachokera munthu ndi nyani - Dzheyn Gudoll (1964);
• periscope - Sarah Meter (1845);
• silencer ya galimoto - El Dolores Dzhons (1917);
• Chotsukira mbale - Geris Josephine Cochrane (1914);
• wowongolera kwa typos - Betti Grem (1956), ndi ena ambiri.

Muzipereka kwa sayansi dziko

Zodabwitsa kwa sayansi ndi chitukuko cha crazier kugonana fairer, amene ankalimbikitsa pa magawo onse a chitukuko anthu. Akazi asayansi a dziko achititsa kuti mafakitale monga:

• sayansi;
• zimapangidwira;
• mankhwala;
• nzeru;
• mabuku.

Mwatsoka, ife sanachitenge mayina a akazi onse amene ntchito kuti athandize anthu Komabe, tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti ntchito yawo ndi woyenera ulemu.

Mtima kwa akazi asayansi Masiku ano

Chifukwa cha kugonana fairer, amene mobwerezabwereza imatsimikizirika kuti ndi yolungama ake kuchita sayansi, anthu masiku ano ali potsiriza anavomereza Kuyanjana pakathi pa amuna ndi akazi. Lero, ndi amuna ndi akazi kupitiriza kugwira ntchito pa chitukuko cha anthu. Pezani digiri kapena mphoto chifukwa cha akazi salinso zikuoneka chinthu chosatheka, koma njira zimenezi ubale wakhala wautali ndi zovuta.

Cleverest mkazi wa m'ma XX

Lodziwika akazi asayansi ntchito mu nthawi yathu.

Shtern Lina Solomonovna, ndi yanga ndi physiologist, mkazi woyamba analandira kwa Academy of Sciences wa USSR.

Skorohodova Olga Ivanovna - mkazi wazaka zapakati, wasayansi wamkulu. Nkhani za maonekedwe a Deafblind akadali asonyezedwa mabwalo sayansi. A dokotala wodziwa, dziko yekha wogontha-wosalankhula mkazi wasayansi.

Dobiash-Khirisimasi Olga Antonovna Chirasha ndipo Soviet mbiri ndi wolemba, membala lolingana wa Academy of Sciences wa USSR.

Ladygina-Cotes Nadezhda - woyamba wasayansi zoopsychologists mu Russia.

Pavlova Mariya Vasilevna, woyamba wasayansi-paleontologist.

Glagoleva-Arkadieva Alexandra Andreevna, wasayansi. dona uyu walandira kutchuka padziko lonse ndipo anakhala katswiri wa sayansi thupi ndi masamu.

Lebedeva Olga Sergeevna womasulira ndi zilankhulo, amene anayambitsa Society of Oriental Studies, tcheyamani aulemu amene anali m'tsogolo.

Lermontov Julia Vsevolodovna zogwirizana ndi dzina wotchuka Komabe, m'dera lina. Iye anali mkazi woyamba sayansi, kupereka mlingo wa Doctor wa Science.

Klado Tatiana Nikolaevna - loyamba aerologist mkazi onse mu Russia ndi dziko.

Kukhala woyamba ntchito yawo, iwo anasonyeza chitsanzo chabwino kwa ambiri. akazi awa ali ndi maganizo amanyadira ngati dziko ndipo dziko sayansi, anayamikira wosayamikira chopereka kuti anapanga.

Pomaliza

Ngakhale pali mavuto, akazi asayansi akhala akugwira ntchito mwakhama kuti muonetse ufulu wawo ofanana. A kayendedwe ka patsogolo kuti zathandiza, n'zovuta Musaone. Izi mkazi cleverest moyo imeneyi mayina awo chilichonse, kukhala chitsanzo cha mphamvu ndi kulimba mtima.