Polyploidy ndi chiyani? Kodi ndi udindo wotani izo kusewera mu kusankha ndi m'chilengedwe

Nditawerenga nkhani imeneyi, mudzaphunzila zimene polyploidy. Tiona udindo umagwira. Mudzaphunziranso kodi mitundu ya polyploidy.

polyploids Education

Choyamba, amatiuza za tanthauzo la mawu ichi. Maselo kapena anthu ndi amene adzabweretse oposa awiri DNA amatchedwa polyploids. maselo Polyploid ndi pafupipafupi otsika amachitika chifukwa cha "zolakwa" mitosis. Izi zimachitika pamene DNA ndi kugawidwa ndi cytokinesis amapezeka. Choncho maselo ungadzakhazikitsidwe iwiri topangira DNA (diploids). Ngati iwo ali kudutsa interphase, adzakhala nawo, izo chimayambitsa (kugonana kapena asexually) Anthu atsopano amene maselo adzakhala ndi DNA kawiri monga ambiri kuposa makolo awo. Choncho, ndondomeko mapangidwe - kuti ndi polyploidy. zomera Polyploid akhoza kupangidwa chongopeka ntchito colchicine - alkaloid kupondereza mapangidwe a spindle mitotic ndi kuswa microtubule mapangidwe.

katundu polyploids

Izi zomera osakhalitsa zambiri kuchepera kwambiri kuposa wa diploid zokhudzana, chifukwa jini iliyonse ukufanizidwa ndi iwo osachepera kawiri chiwerengero. Pa pogawanikana pamawere wa ana homozygous ena jini recessive anthu oterewa yekha 1/16 m'malo 1/4 mu diploids. (Nthawi zonse amaganiza kuti pafupipafupi alleles recessive ndi 0,50.) Polyploidy achilendo selfing, mopitirira kuchepetsa osakhalitsa awo, ngakhale kuti diploids awo okhudzana advantageously mtanda mungu.

Kodi pali polyploids

Kotero, ife anayankha funso, kodi polyploidy. Koma pamene pali mitengo imeneyi?

Ena polyploids ali bwino ndinazolowera malo owuma kapena kutentha poyerekeza choyambirira mawonekedwe diploid, pamene ena bwino yosayenera kwa mitundu yeniyeni nthaka. Chifukwa cha ichi, iwo akhoza kuthetsa m'malo kwambiri zinthu aliko, imene makolo awo diploid mwina akanafa. Ndi pafupipafupi kochepa zimachitika anthu ambiri achilengedwe. Opepuka kuposa diploids lolingana, kubwera mu outbreeding. Pankhaniyi, mwamsanga pamene ingakhale yopangidwa hybrids chonde. Pasanathe chiyambi polyploids hybrid popangidwa ndi anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri chiwerengero DNA ndi diploid hybrids wosabala. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa njira plodovistosti kuchira.

Woyamba zalembedwa nkhani ya polyploidy

Choncho, kupatula wamba, ndi hybrids polyploid unali pakati Palestina ankalima ndi kabichi. Aka kanali koyamba bwino zalembedwa nkhani ya polyploidy. Onse genera a banja la crucifers ndipo yogwirizana. Mu maselo somatic , ndi mitundu onse DNA ndi 18, ndipo woyamba meiotic metaphase 9 nthawi wapezeka awiriawiri DNA. Movutikira, izo akamagwira wosakanizidwa pakati pa zomera. Mu meiosis, izo zinkayenera 18 unpaired DNA (9 9 radish ku kabichi) ndiponso anali wosabala mwamtheradi. Mwa zomera hybrid polyploidy zokha anapanga, limene maselo somatic anali 36 DNA pa meiosis ndipo nthawi anapanga awiriawiri 18. M'mawu ena, polyploid hybrid anali DNA onse 18 monga radish, ndipo kabichi ndipo ntchito bwinobwino. hybrid uyu anali wakhama kwambiri.

Polyploids-namsongole

Ena polyploids uka ngati namsongole m'munda zokhudzana ndi zochita za anthu, ndipo nthawizina akwaniritsa zidzawayendera bwino. Wina odziwika bwino Mwachitsanzo - okhala m'madambo mchere wa mtundu Spartina. mtundu umodzi, S. maritima (onani chithunzi m'munsimu), opezeka mu zithaphwi pamodzi m'malire a ku Ulaya ndi Africa. mtundu wina, S. alterniflora, anadziwana ku UK kum'mawa kwa North America padziko 1800 ndipo kenako kunafalikira, kupanga lalikulu m'dera njuchi.

tirigu

Limodzi la magulu zofunika kwambiri polyploid mbewu tinganene kuti mtundu wa Triticum tirigu (onani chithunzi m'munsimu). Ambiri mwa mbewu dziko mbewu - tirigu zofewa (T. aestivum) - ali 2n = 42. Lofewa tirigu anayambitsa zaka zosachepera 8,000 zapitazo, mwinamwake mu Europe Central, chifukwa cha mwakusakaniza wachibadwa wa tirigu adayilimira, omwe 2n = 28, ndi monga chimanga kuthengo mtundu womwewo amene ali 2n = 14. Wild udzu, mwina unakula ngati namsongole pakati pa tirigu. Mwakusakaniza, wafunsira tirigu zofewa, ungachitike pakati polyploidy limapezeka nthawi chiwerengero cha mitundu onse makolo.

Zikuoneka kuti atangomva 42 khromozomu tirigu ndi zizindikiro zake zothandiza anatuluka mu masamba a alimi woyamba, iwo anaona mwamsanga ndi anasankha kulima zina. Imodzi mwa njira ake makolo, 28-khromozomu tirigu akulimidwa, zinali zotsatira za mwakusakaniza mitundu iwiri zakuthengo asakhale ndi vutoli 14 ku Middle East. Mitundu ya tirigu, ndi 2n = 28, ndipo tsopano kupitiriza kukhala nalo pamodzi ndi 42 khromozomu. Chotero tirigu khromozomu 28 ndi ndiwo tirigu yopanga pasitala chifukwa cha adhesiveness mkulu mapuloteni ndi. Apa ntchito yomwe polyploidy.

Triticosecale

Kufufuza kwaposachedwa kwasonyeza kuti mizere latsopano analandira mwakusakaniza kusintha ulimi. Polyploidy mu kuswana chomera ntchito kwambiri ambiri. Makamaka zingamuthandize ndi Triticosecale - gulu zopangidwa hybrid pakati pa tirigu (Triticum) ndi rye (Secale). Ena a iwo, kaphatikizidwe zokolola za tirigu ndi rye ruggedness, khola kwambiri liniya dzimbiri - matenda, kuchititsa zimaononga ulimi. katundu izi nzofunikira makamaka m'madera okwera a kotentha ndi mayiko kumene dzimbiri - waukulu chinthu Kuchepetsa kulima tirigu. Triticosecale tsopano wakula pamlingo waukulu ndipo anali wotchuka kwambiri mu France ndi maiko ena. Yotchuka kwambiri ndi 42 khromozomu mzere ya zakudya zachimanga izi. Iwo anali akamagwira anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri chiwerengero DNA pambuyo mwakusakaniza wa khromozomu 28 Tirigu 14 chromosomal rye.

The zosiyanasiyana polyploids

Mu chikhalidwe, iwo anatengedwa mchikakamizo cha zinthu zakunja, osati chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. maonekedwe awo - mmodzi wa asilikali zofunika kwambiri chisinthiko. Masiku ano ambiri polyploid akuimira mu zomera dziko (oposa theka a mitundu yonse chomera). Ena mwa iwo ndi ambiri mbewu zofunika kwambiri - osati tirigu, komanso thonje, nzimbe, nthochi, mbatata ndi mpendadzuwa. Pamndandanda uwu akhoza kuwonjezeredwa wokongola kwambiri munda maluwa - chrysanthemums, pansies, dahlias.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa zomwe polyploidy. udindo wake mu ulimi, monga momwe mukuonera, ali kwambiri.