Mbiri ya zachilengedwe

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha zachilengedwe inayambira nthawi amakezana. Pakuti wosazindikira anthu wosazindikira wakhala yodziwika ndi mtima wofuna kudziwa za chilengedwe ozungulira. Pa nthawi imeneyi mbiri ya chitukuko cha zachilengedwe Full mfundo za Aigupto, Chitibeta, makedzana Indian.

Amuna zakuthupi akale anasonkhanitsa yoona ndipo anayesera kupangira bungwe. Choncho, Ababulo mabuku pamanja muli nkhani tillage, kufesa nthawi, nyama ndi mbalame zimene zingawononge mphanje. Ancient Chinese mbiri 4 m'ma 2 BC. e. Limafotokoza za kukula kwa zomera nakulitsa a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. The buku lopatulika a Aperisiya wakale wodzazidwa ndi malangizo kufunika kuteteza dziko lapansi, osati kuyipitsa ake "wodetsedwa" zinthu kuteteza nyama, kuteteza madzi ndi moto mosamala m'thaka. Mu "Ikani" kwambiri zafotokozedwa nyama.

Choncho, mbiri ya chitukuko cha zachilengedwe anayamba ndi kubadwa wa malimidwe, zinyama, zomera. Pa nthawiyi, panali zinthu choyamba cha ubale anthu chilengedwe.

The kutsogolera kwa kupita patsogolo sayansi ndi kwachilengedwenso anali ochuluka maulendo a anapeza m'nthawi ya 15 ndi kulamulira kwa m'mayiko ena. Nthawi imeneyi pali yogwira zinthu kudzikundikira ndi kufotokozera. Ntchito asayansi ambiri kupereka umboni wa zosiyanasiyana zamoyo, kugawa, mbali structural wa nyama ndi zomera zikusonyeza umodzi kapena sing'anga ena.

ndithu zambiri umboni zachilengedwe wakhala zinapezedwa asayansi (naturalists ndi geographers) Russia m'nthawi ya 18. Mwa ziwerengero wotchuka kwambiri nthawi tisaiwale I. I. Lepehina, SP Krasheninnikov, P. S. Pallasa.

Cha m'ma 19 TH m'ma chopereka kwambiri chitukuko cha sayansi ku Russia, anayambitsa K. Rul'e (Professor pa University Moscow State). asayansi awa anakonza mfundo amene walandiridwa monga maziko a sayansi zonse zachilengedwe - ndi mfundo za mgwirizano wa chilengedwe ozungulira ndi thupi.

Magawo lotsatira chitukuko yodziwika ndi akatswiri a zachilengedwe kulekana kwa sayansi malo atsopano zokhudza chilengedwe. Pa nkhani imeneyi, anthu ambiri akhala maphunziro osiyanasiyana. Izi zigawo zikuluzikulu chitukuko cha zachilengedwe zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro cha buku la "The Origin of Species" mu 1859, chigonjetso cha Darwin chirengedwe. Choncho, sayansi wakhala chiphunzitso cha anatengera zamoyo.

Haeckel kumatanthauza zachilengedwe monga Uwerenge kudziwa zokhudza chuma cha chilengedwe. Mu ku phunzira kwao ikuchitika mwa mogwirizana lonse zovuta pakati pa nyama ndi malo ake, zochita kupanga ndi organic. Komabe, mochuluka monga Haeckel, choncho phunziro ubale ankhanza kapena kucheza ndi zomera ndi nyama zimene ena Nyama zimabwera mu kukhudzana. Choncho, sayansi ya zachilengedwe ndi kuphunzira ankachita zovuta kuti, mu view Darwin, amatchedwa akapsa kulimbana kuli zinthu.

Mu 1910, iye ankatchedwa Chachitatu World Botanical Congress. Iwo anali kuboma mbewu zachilengedwe. Ndi asayansi kunayambitsa funso wa m'gulu la sayansi anazindikira dera la madera zomera ndi zamoyo mbewu.

Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 20, mbiri ya chitukuko zachilengedwe amakhala ndi chiyambi cha maphunziro ambiri osiyana, kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito yofunika kwambiri imene Amakonda onse zikuluzikulu ndi nkhani yopapatiza.

Mu zikhalidwe ano, pali Kuwonjezeka mu buku la mauthenga. Various mavuto a zachilengedwe, ongolankhula mavuto a zachilengedwe ndi nkhani ya chiwerengero cha mabungwe kafukufuku wa sayansi.