Aldehydes ndi ketones. The katundu ndi kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala carbonyl

Pawiri organic munali mu dongosolo lake maselo ndi carbonyl gulu la mawonekedwe izi:> C = O, - amatchedwa oxo-mankhwala ndi anawagawa awiri yotakata potengera - aldehydes ndi ketones. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira hydrocarbon, zinthu izi anawagawira mu aliphatic, onunkhira alicyclic. Mamolekyulu yoyamba ndi yachiwiri yodziwika ndi gulu carbonyl amene zogwirizana mwachindunji ku benzene mphete kapena unyolo mbali. Aldehydes ndi ketones ndi chomangira maselo a mndandanda onunkhira, omwe gulu zinchito mu unyolo mbali amaonedwa monga ena ofanana mankhwala aliphatic carbonyl.

aldehydes zonunkhira ndi apanga m'njira zikuluzikulu ziwiri: mwa kuyambitsa carbonyl gulu mu benzene mphete M'MALO electrophilic ndi kutembenuka mtima kwa substituents kale mu dongosolo la. Aldehydes ndi ketones monga mankhwala onse organic ndi zotakasika kwambiri. Komanso mawu mankhwala wachiwiri oyamba zambiri yogwira. Pakuti aldehydes zikusonyeza ndithu makutidwe ndi okosijeni anachita, M'MALO, polymerization, Kuwonjezera ndi condensation. Ketones komanso sizigwirizana ndi polymerization anachita.

Kukonzekera aldehydes onunkhira, makamaka benzaldehyde mankhwala ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa hydrocarbon osakaniza mpweya m'mafakitale umatulutsa. Zimenezi akutsatiridwa zomera mankhwala ntchito oxides zinthu zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, vanadium okusayidi. Ndiponso, kwa kaphatikizidwe wa aldehyde onunkhira ingagwiritsidwe ntchito njira ntchito yokonza mankhwala ija aliphatic.

aldehydes onunkhira amene timapemphera kwakukulukulu insoluble mu amadzimadzi sing'anga madzi ndi achilendo Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala fungo la amondi owawa. Zakutali zambiri benzene mphete za gulu carbonyl, iwo ali, ndi akuthwa amakhala fungo awo. Onunkhira aldehydes katundu mankhwala amene kwakukulukulu ofanana ndi mankhwala yemweyo aliphatic chifukwa chikoka tonse mphete benzene ndi gulu carbonyl, adzalandira ena katundu yeniyeni mankhwala ndi maonekedwe. Mwachitsanzo, iwo akhoza mosavuta oxidized kuti chidulo carboxylic akutsatiridwa ndi kuchepetsa kwa alcohols lolingana ndi chimasanduka. propionaldehyde A, umene uli wosakanizika bwino ndi mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala ndiponso pamaso pa catalysts abwino ndi kutembenukira ku asidi propionic ndi hydrogenation - mu propanol.

Pakuti kaphatikizidwe wa ketones zonunkhira kungakhale njira ispolzony ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, zamchere hydrolysis ndondomeko geminal dihalides, dehydrogenation, makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mankhwala lolingana sekondale monohydric mowa ndi ena. Komabe, ndondomeko zofunika pokonza mankhwala awa ndi acylation mankhwala onunkhira. Onse aldehydes ndi ketones ndi malo electrophilic, mwangwiro kucheza ndi nucleophilic reagents zino.

mankhwala amenewa zonunkhira ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana za kupereka substituents komanso mosavuta kulowa zochita acylation. Ketones dongosolo la maselo ndi zakumwa kapena zolimba ndi zosangalatsa fungo zamaluwa, insoluble m'madzi, amene amalola iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito mu makampani mafutawo.