Alfred Brehm: yonena, kupambana, mabuku, ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Mu Renthendorf pa chiyambi cha February 1829 panali chochitika akukumbukirabe dziko lonse. The achipembedzo banja abusa, kutenga chidwi chachikulu ornithology - Kristiana Brema, - mwana, tsogolo ulamuliro dziko ndi kugwa m'chikondi ana onse padziko lapansi - Alfred Edmund Brehm. Ndani lero sakudziwa zotsatira za kuzipenya wake Zoological, amene sanasunge wotchuka buku "Moyo wa nyama" m'manja? N'zokayikitsa ngati munthu aliyense lonselo.

kuyambira

banja kunalamulidwa ndi ulemu ndi wozindikira, ndipo mwana wa chikondi cha bambo ake anali pafupifupi chosaneneka. Alfred Brehm mwachidwi anafotokoza mu chilakolako bambo ake, chifukwa anayamba m'banda zifukwa amakumana zinyama. Iwo anadutsa m'mphepete mwa dziko, ndi zambiri asanalowe yunivesite kwa nthawi yoyamba mnyamata kuyenda kwambiri kudzera Africa, kuyendera Egypt, Nubia, Sudan East.

Chifukwa zina Alfred Brehm anayenda zonse, kuphunzira zinyama a Norway, Spain, Abyssinia, Lapland. moyo wake wonse chikugwirizana ndi dziko nyama. Mu 1863 anaikidwa mkulu wa Garden wa Zoological ku Hamburg, ndipo patapita zaka zinayi, Alfred Brehm anali tate wa wotchuka Berlin Aquarium.

buku lotchuka

Ndipo nthawi yonseyi iye anapeza kuzipenya wake, bungwe, mwadongosolo akusunthira kwa akonzedwa chandamale, mwina ana. Kodi iye ankafuna kuti buku limene kuti kutchulidwa lilipo - mu nkhani, mu essays, ndi zithunzi zokongola - mmodzi pafupifupi kufanana zoona, choncho zovuta kuzimvetsa, kotero chidwi!

N'chifukwa chake ndinaganiza kulemba Alfred Brehm Animal moyo paokha. M'pofunika kuti bukuli zinali zomveka osati kwa akatswiri, komanso wakunjayo iliyonse, ndipo anali makamaka chidwi ana. Iye anapanga kwambiri maulendo ake, kuti kale mu 1863 buku loyamba la buku wotchuka linasindikizidwa. Iwo ankatchedwa "The Illustrated miyoyo ya nyama." Ndipo Alfred Brehm ankachita upainiya ku njira iyi.

kudzathandiza

Gawo loyamba inafalitsidwa mu Gildburgtauzene, ndipo nthawi yomweyo anakhala m'chipani. Ntchito zachitika alidi chachikulu! nkhani ya mitundu mu dziko sanabadwe alipodi choyamba anaonekera bukhu. Alfred Brehm "Moyo wa nyama" anatha kufalitsa chifukwa cha ogwira - Taushenbergu Pulofesa wina amene anakonza nkhani tizilombo ndi akangaude, Oscar Schmidt, amene anayambitsa zipangizo nyama m'munsi. ojambula zithunzi ziwiri Mwachitsanzo bukhu, kuno umaimiridwa ndi ntchito zawo. Komabe, mbali yaikulu ya buku la ntchito yekha anatenga yokha Alfred Edmund Brehm. mabuku Ake anapitiliza kuonekela mpaka 1869. A okwana mabuku asanu yaikulu.

onse okonda mbalame ndi buku Buku "Birds mu ukapolo", limene kwa zaka zinayi, mpaka TH 1876, anali Alfred Brehm. Mu "Moyo wa nyama" mbalame mtengo (mbalame nkhalango) yatchedwa kuti pa nthawi imeneyo ndi amazipanga mwatsatanetsatane ndi odalirika kwambiri. Komabe, wolemba anali wosakhazikika ndithu, chifukwa iwo ankaona osakwanira zambiri. Ndipo mu 1879, magazini chachiwiri cha ntchito imeneyi - tsopano mu mabuku khumi, omwe Mlembi ali linakonzedwanso ndipo anawonjezera pafupifupi nkhani. mabuku ake anali mu ankafuna kuti ulendo wotsatira yokonzedwa mosavuta amalonda ndi industrialists, ngakhale Russian. Mu 1877, Alfred Brehm kuphunzira zinyama mu ulendo wa Western Siberia ndi ku Eastern Turkestan.

lithandize

Mwatsoka, ulendo uwu ndi zolinga sayansi, anazindikira ngati mwaunyinji, anali womaliza. Zaka zingapo zotsatira anapanga okha yochepa kuyenda. Kuphatikizapo North America, kumene ambiri a nkhani pa amakumana wa nyama ndi zomera za m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Musati kuwerengera mayunivesite kuti kupereka ndi Alfred Brehm mayina osiyanasiyana aulemu, gulu sayansi kulikonse, amene anam'pempha umembala aulemu, limati munthu woyamba kupereka dongosolo la Bram. Komabe, ngakhale kutchula zachilengedwe wotchuka sanafune, chifukwa anali wodzichepetsa komanso nkhani iliyonse msanga akumasuliridwa ndi yopambana ya kufufuza za chilengedwe.

Iye akanakhoza nkhani amangosankha yaitali za nyama, zomwe aona kufufuza, analamulira, makhalidwe awo, wachibale wawo kwa munthu. Iye analankhula ndi zapadera waluso polankhula, kusonyeza nzeru zapadera, makhalidwe abwino, champhamvu ndi nthabwala, koma chifukwa ponse ndipo nthawi yomweyo anakhala amakonda a anthu. chikondi Special anali ophunzira: achinyamata kuchilemekeza iye nkhani ya zosangalatsa, ndi kunena ndi mokondwera mtima wathu. Ngakhale kunja Professor Alfred Brehm anali wangwiro: tsitsi lalitali anagona manyenje mkango ndi oona, monga zofunkha ndi onyada molunjika anali kaimidwe wake, ndipo maso ake - oseketsa chowala ndi kumwamba kowala ...

Moyo wa Alfred Brehm

Ndipotu, si onse osati nthawizonse kusanduka ndi Professor bwino mu moyo. The chisangalalo cha kuzindikiridwa - inde, osati chichotsedwa. Koma mu kufanana, ndipo chisoni ndi wamkulu. Mu 1877, TH imfa ya mayi wake wokondedwa, mwa chaka - ndi zabwino zokha mu mkazi dziko, mosatopa cikulu maulendo onse. Dontho otsiriza a chisoni - ankakonda wamng'ono mwana wake anafa pa ulendo wawo wopita ku North America.

Mu ulendo ndi Alfred Brehm kunali kuzizira, ndiye Inabuka ntchito yaikulu, amene anayesa adzawonongedwa chisoni, ndi chirichonse ndi wokwiya kwambiri thanzi lake. Mu November 1884 matenda oyamba impso wachotsa ku zachilengedwe wotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, Professor Pehuel Lesha-anamasulidwa kope lachitatu la "Moyo wa nyama", kachiwiri anawonjezera ndikusinthidwa mothandizidwa ndi zolemba, anapeza katundu wa maulendo posachedwapa.

wolemba

N'chifukwa chiyani m'buku lake anakonda ndi owerenga? Iwo anali nzeru m'lingaliro mawu. Iwo wodzilemekeza ndi malongosoledwe okhwima sayansi mbali chotero, chomwe sayansi youma asamalira zinthu zosafunika koma owerenga amakonda iwo kulikonse.

Mu bukhu, Alfred Brehm a "Animal Life" Aliyense kangaude ali zizolowezi zake ndi maluso owerenga amaona wake "banja" ndi "anthu" moyo kudabwa wake tsiku menyu, ubale abale ndi zimakhudza moyo wa anthu. Ndi chifukwa cha ichi kwathunthu moyo, likuyenda nthawi zonse chikhalidwe cha khalidwe lililonse ndipo anapereka wowerenga Brehm mabuku gulu yosangalatsa ndiponso wokondedwa kwambiri.

mu Russia

"The Lives Yojambulidwa wa Nyama" linasindikizidwa ku Russia pasanapite nthawi kuchokera pamene buku mu Germany. Six mabuku akhala kwathunthu anamasulira opangidwa mu kope Kovalevsky kuchokera 1866 mpaka 1876. The linasindikizidwa kachiwiri mu Russia chachotsedwa wachitatu German (Younika Baibulo Saint-Hilaire), ndi mabuku awa khumi anapita zambiri "toplenkimi" pambuyo makina osindikizira, kotero yomweyo anayamba kusindikiza kwachiwiri zina zakuti mu 1894.

Ndipo linasindikizidwa zikufanana ndi German wina, aliyense pepala pomwepo kwa Russia. Malemba okha kumasulira ndi processing zina zomwe zikanati chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi zinyama Russian, izo sizinachitike. Kenako iwo anali kuphunzira ndi m'gulu lomwe sukanatha wachinsinsi Alfred Brem mu "Moyo wa nyama". Mbalame (makamaka Cranes) - nkhope Russia, pafupifupi chimodzimodzi ngati birch ake. Ambiri a nkhani motsimikizira amafuna zowonjezera, ngakhale pa Brem zonsezi linakhazikitsidwa mokwanira vermeni anthu.

Kodi kulera ana

Mu malaibulale ochepa chabe dera, ndipo lero monga wa m'diso lake Muziona mozizwitsa anasunga mabuku onse khumi kope lokongolali. Anthu Russian ndi chidwi kwambiri woyambitsa kuphunzira chochititsa chidwi, chifukwa mu magazini Brehm anali odzipereka kwa nkhani imene chidwi atamva kuti wolemba awo ankakonda anabadwira pafupi Weimar, ndi atate wake anali katswiri amamudziwa, amene zinagwirizana ndi asayansi ambiri otchuka satero kokha Germany, komanso France ndi England.

Mu banja lililonse mokwanira olemera, pomwe ana amaphunzitsidwa kuwerenga, onetsetsani kuti buku ndi Alfred Brehm. Zitsanzo izi ndi mfundo m'munsili linachititsa chidwi chofuna kudziwa, ana wokonda kufufuza dziko, kupanga, komanso wolemba ankakonda awo, ndi akutali koyenda ndipo kuyenda ulendo mu minda yapafupi ndi nkhalango, kuphunzira amoyo onse amene amasonkhana yekha pa njira yawo . Iwo kusiyanitsa mbalame osati mawu ndi mtundu, anadziwa bwanji anthu kapena mbalame zina chisa. Izo zikhoza kuuzira Bram nkhani Prishvina kapena Bianchi.

kusankha kovuta

Sikuti aliyense Russian ana m'dera anakhala zachilengedwe pambuyo pokoka mabuku katundu. Ndipo wolemba anachita nthawi yomweyo anasankha njira yake, pamene ankalowa zolimbitsa thupi kuphunzira kukhala munthu wamanga. Komabe, tsoka akhoza sadzapusitsidwa! Patapita chaka chimodzi, mnzanga banja anaitanidwa studiozusov kuti agwirizane naye m'chilimwe ulendo wopita ku Africa Black, ndiye komabe pafupifupi unexplored. Brehm anabwerera kuchokera kumeneko zaka zitatu kenaka, pamene chilakolako zonse zomangamanga anali idaleka akusamba. Kodi sanathe kugonjetsa mu kupalasa ngalawa mtsinje yaitali kwambiri padziko lapansi - Neil? Zinatheka kuletsa gulu la osungira zinyama ku Hartrume, zikhale nyama zakutchire? Ndipo pite matendawa ...

Monga mu Africa, kodi n'zotheka izi ndi kutenga ndi kusiya kubwerera zomangamanga? Maulendowa wonse kalekale akhala ku Ulaya, ndipo Alfred Brehm - akadali mu Africa. Iye sakanakhoza kusiya kuphunzira pa theka, choncho anakopa mchimwene wake Oscar, ndipo iwo anapita kumalo kwathunthu sakudziwika komwe mwendo European sanaike. Oscar anapeza m'bale wake wamng'ono zasintha kwambiri: iye anacheza mu Arabic, atavala zovala m'derali ndipo mbadwa anamutcha Halil Efendi. Kotero iwo anayenda kwa zaka ziwiri. Ndiyeno izo zinachitika paphiripo chenicheni m'moyo Alfred a - m'bale wake Oscar nakufwa.

chizindikiro

Brem, ndithudi, maulendowa sanaime, ngakhale kwa nthawi yaitali chisoni kwenikweni anadya. zipangizo Research anasonkhana yaikulu. Little odziwika mndandanda wa nyama choyika zinthu mkati ndi mbalame anali chidwi kuti wasayansi nthawi yaitali ayesera kufufuza ndalama Bwato zonsezi Europe. Ndipo komabe - zinyama, kumene iwo sanali mbalame wokha, komanso moyo ng'ona, mikango ndi anyani zosiyanasiyana. Pamene ndalama ndi paulendowu apeza kuti katundu wa zonse izi anawapatsa mzinda wa Vienna, kumene anakakhala kwa kanthawi. nyama anatitumiza kumalo osungira nyama, ndipo modzaza nyama zosonkhanitsira, herbarium, entomological zopereka - University.

Ndipo kotero inatha ulendo wake aliyense. Koma koposa zonse, chifukwa kwambiri - zoona, mabuku olembedwa mu otentha kufunafuna, ambiri chakuya zimalimbikitsa kuzipenya. Ndi "Moyo kumpoto ndi kum'mwera", "Forest nyama", "Kuchokera Pole kuti equator," "Ulendo kwa Gabesh", "Forest (mtengo) mbalame" ndi ena ambiri. Ndipo nkhani angati magazini sayansi ndi otchuka! N'chifukwa chake Alfred Brehm nthawizonse munthu amene anapeza anthu kukongola onse a dziko, zosiyanasiyana zake zonse. Koma Alfred Brehm analemba, "Bzalani Moyo". Izi, kumene, kunapezeka kalozera wabwino, koma dzina lake pa chivundikiro - chabe taphunzira, nkhambakamwa pa maphunziro a wasayansi wamkulu ndi mlembi chidwi.