Alija Izetbegovic, Pulezidenti wa Bosnia ndi Herzegovina: A MBIRI

Alija Izetbegovic ndi imodzi mwa ziwerengero ngati zimenezi yemwe anaima pa chiyambi cha maziko a dziko. Ngakhale mbiri ya dziko, anayendayenda nkhani imeneyi, koma pa nthawi yomweyo udindo wake mu zochitika dera m'malo osokoneza. State wa Bosnia ndi Herzegovina anali Izetbegovic mosalephera kalipo, koma tikufuna kuphunzira zinthu zina za moyo wa munthu uyu. Choncho, tiyeni tiyang'ane pa mfundo yonena za Alija Izetbegovic.

Magwero a mtundu Izetbegovic

Alija Izetbegovic agogo anali Msilamu achifumu Asilavo chiyambi Izet-Muzipemphera Jahic, amene ankakhala Belgrade natumikira monga wa Ottoman. Iwo anachoka kwa iye dzina pulezidenti tsogolo la Bosnia ndi Herzegovina. Koma pambuyo Ottoman anakakamizika kuzindikira ufulu wa Serbia, ndi mu 1868 kuti mupewe asilikali ake, Izet Bey anali ndi mkazi wake, Hanim Turk Sydykov, kusamuka kwa Bosnia. Apa Basanski Šamac iwo anali ndi ana asanu, kuphatikizapo Mustafa, bambo Alija Izetbegovic.

Mu 1878, Bosnia ndi Herzegovina zapita monga Nyumba zophatikizana mu kugonjera enieni a Austria-Hungary, koma Izet-Muzipemphera limodzi ndi banja lake adaganiza kuti asamukire ku malo amenewa. Mu 1908, Austria-Hungary linalanda dera kalekale. Nthawiyi Izet-Muzipemphera anayamba kusangalala kutchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu am'deralo, amene, monga mmene anachitira, kwakukulukulu anali Asilavo Asilamu. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi yakuti Izet Bey anasankhidwa meya mu Basanski Šamac.

Anayamba nthawi mwachilungamo chipwirikiti. Chisebiya patriot, Gavrilo Princip mu 1914 itachita zinthu zigawenga, kupha Korona Prince Franz Ferdinand ku Sarajevo, Bosnia a mudzi waukulu, ndi mwini ndiye korona wa Austria ndi Hungary. Zimenezi chikwiyire Yoyamba ya Dziko lonse. Izet-Muzipemphera kupulumutsa makumi Serbia amene anazunzidwa ndi asilikali Austria mogwirizana ndi choncho.

Mwana Izet-Muzipemphera ndi bambo pulezidenti tsogolo la Bosnia ndi Herzegovina Mustafa muli maphunziro bookkeeper. Mu yoyamba ya padziko lonse monga nzika ya Austria-Hungary, kumenyana m'khamu la boma. Pa kutsogolo Italy, Mustafa anazunzidwa anavulazidwa, amakwiya mkhalidwe ziwalo pafupi, imene iye anali pafupi usinkhu wa zaka 10.

Komabe, Mustafa anakwatira mtsikana wina dzina lake Hiba, anakwatira kuti asanabadwe Aliya anabadwa ana awiri ndi ana aakazi awiri.

Kubadwa ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za moyo Alija Izetbegovic

Alija Izetbegovic anabadwa mu August 1925 m'tauni Bosnia wa Basanski Šamac. Pambuyo ntchito zake anabadwa mu banja lalikulu, sizinali zabwino kwambiri. atate wake Mustafa pamene kuchita malonda, koma patatha zaka ziwiri zina zotere anabadwa, anakakamizika kulengeza bankirapuse. Chaka chotsatira banja anasamukira ku mzinda waukulu kwambiri m'chigawo - Sarajevo.

Mavuto a za ndale mu dziko

Ngakhale gawo panopa Bosnia ndi Herzegovina anali mbali ya Ufumu wa Serbia, Croatia ndi Slovenia, anapanga nkhondo padziko lonse itayamba mu 1918 kudzera pophatikizana wa Ufumu wa Serbia ndi gawo Balkan wa otha ntchito ojambulira Austria-Hungary, zimene zinaphatikizapo Bosnia. Mgwirizano anali pansi pa ndodo ya Chisebiya mfumu Aleksandra Karageorgievicha, amene Komabe, kwambiri udzachepetsedwa mu ufulu wawo.

Kuyambira mu 1921, Mfumu zambiri ankaganiza ofesi mpaka zaka zinayi atabadwa Alija Izetbegovic (1929) sanachite kulanda boma. Chifukwa kusintha iyi, dzina lake Aleksandr Karageorgievich analandira mphamvu opondereza ndi boma anatengera dzina latsopano - Ufumu wa Yugoslavia. Kenako yoletsedwa magulu onse andale ndi mabungwe.

Mantha chibadidwe centrifugal, mfumu kunadetsa udzachepetsedwa ufulu ndi kumasulika kwa nzika zonse. boma lidagawikana m'zigawo - Banovina, amene mwachirengedwe si zogwirizana ndi zigawo mbiri anakhazikitsa, anawagawa zidutswa. Cholinga Aleksandra Karageorgievicha anali kugwirizanitsa a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi Mipikisano achipembedzo anthu onse a dzikoli limodzi mitundu gulu - pa Yugoslavs. Kukwaniritsa uyu, mfumu sanali onyozeka njira ngakhale kuponderezedwa yomwe mwachibadwa anachititsa chakukhosi pakati pa anthu ambiri. Izi pamapeto pake zinachititsa kuti kupha Mfumu Chikolowesha nationalists mu 1934. Boma latsopano anatengera lamulo rapprochement ndi bloc lopondereza (Germany ndi Italy).

achinyamata

Izo zinali mu izi m'mlengalenga yomangika anayamba ntchito yake andale a Pulezidenti tsogolo la Republic of Bosnia ndi Herzegovina. Ndi nthawi ntchito chipani kale mwake. Ngakhale mu zaka fifitini, Alija Izetbegovic limodzi ndi bungwe "Young Asilamu 'chikhalidwe chachipembedzo ndale. Chaka chotsatira, gulu lankhondo la Nazi Germany anaukira Yugoslavia. dziko kwenikweni wotanganidwa, ndipo chofuna kumasulidwa zigawenga kayendedwe kutsogozedwa ndi Communist Tito ndipo Mihailovic monarchist. Bosnia mbali ya State utangoyamba la Croatia, amene anali Kanema wa Germany.

Ngakhale, mu 1943, Alija Izetbegovic sukulu ya sekondale. Kenako analowa College of ulimi Division. Ndi nthawi iyi ntchito yake mu SS "Hazhar 'Chigawo cha Chisilamu. Koma posakhalitsa asilikali a Hitler anathamangitsidwa m'dera la Yugoslavia, ndipo dziko ndi thandizo la Soviet Union, chikominisi anayamba kulamulira, kutsogozedwa ndi Yosifom Broz Tito.

dissident nthawi

Nditamaliza maphunziro a ukachenjede Izetbegovic anali usilikali. Pali achinyamata Anthu Muslim anayamba yaikulu mabodza achipembedzo. Pakuti ili, komanso chifukwa chakubwera mu kuletsedwa ndi boma chikominisi cha "Asilamu Young" mu 1946, iye anali m'ndende kwa zaka zitatu m'ndende.

Mu 1949, Izetbegovic linatulutsidwa. Mu 1956 anamaliza pa mbiri boma, maphunziro University of Sarajevo. Mu chaka chomwecho mwana wake anabadwa Bakir Izetbegovic.

Nditamaliza maphunziro iye ntchito Izetbegovic malangizo makampani akuluakulu kayendedwe. Komabe, iye sanaiwale za ntchito ndale mwachangu kutenga mbali mu ntchito za chilengedwe theka malamulo a mabungwe Muslim.

mabuku

Mu 1970, lofalitsidwa "Chisilamu Declaration". Ndi kuyamika buku lino, dziko lonse anadziwa amene Alija Izetbegovic. "The Declaration Chisilamu" anaitana kukhazikitsidwa kwa alimi Muslim mu Balkans, kuti anali wolimba kwambiri mu zenizeni za ulamuliro chikominisi. Ngakhale ofufuza ambiri masiku ano amakhulupirira ntchito zinapatsira ndi maziko Chisilamu.

Mu 1983, Izetbegovic m'ndende zaka 14 m'ndende chifukwa chofuna recreate bungwe "Young Asilamu". Ngakhale m'ndende, anatha kulemba ndi chifuniro cha chosaiwalika buku lake lachiwiri - ". Islam pakati East ndi West"

Prison zitsulo sanathe ndege ya ndinaganiza kanjedza monga Alija Izetbegovic. Mabuku a chithunzi chandale otchuka pakati pa anthu Muslim a multiethnic Yugoslavia.

nthawi yoti zinthu zisinthe

Komabe, ndi mapeto a 80 ntchentche za m'ma XX mu moyo andale a Yugoslavia, komanso mayiko onse a msasa zokomera, zasintha kwambiri. Society wakhala democratized. Mu 1989, Izetbegovic linatulutsidwa asanakalambe.

Ngakhale dziko akadali kugwiritsira ntchito chikominisi boma, koma ndi nthawi kuti analola dongosolo multiparty. Izi analola Izetbegovic kwambiri chaka chamawa atamasulidwa, bungwe watsopano mphamvu ya zandale, zomwe anapeza dzina la "Democratic Action Party." Patsogolo kwa gulu ili, anakhala membala kenako wapampando wa Pulezidenti wa Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, umene panthawi imeneyo unali ndi gawo la Yugoslavia. Ndipotu, Izetbegovic anakhala mutu wa dziko la Yugoslavia.

nkhondo

Kumayambiriro 90 ntchentche a Bosnia ndi Herzegovina (BiH), komanso mayiko ena a asamathe Yugoslavia, anakhala pachitika nkhondo yoopsayo. Mu 1991 Republic zimenezi zinachititsa ndi Izetbegovic, amene anatenga monga pulezidenti, analengeza ufulu wodzilamulira. Ichi chinali chosemphana ndi zofuna za Croatia ndi Serbia, BiH azikamugwirira kugawanitsa pakati pawo.

Nkhondo wabweza lonse choopsa. Patapita ake, Izetbegovic ngakhale kumangidwa, ndi zoona anagwidwa ndi asilikali Yugoslavia, koma kenako anamasulidwa chosinthana kunyamuka lopanda Sarajevo.

Mu 1995, ku Bosnia Asilamu kugwirizana ndi mphamvu Chikolowesha inapha kugonjetsedwa yaikulu kwa Serbia.

Chaka chomwecho, sikapangano Dayton yosainidwa ndi yogwira US pokambiranapo pakati pa atsogoleri a Bosnia, Serbia ndi Croatia, amene akuchitira anamaliza nkhondo ku Bosnia.

The watsopano Bosnia ndi Herzegovina

Iwo Dayton maziko a dongosolo ano andale a Bosnia ndi Herzegovina. boma wakhala de A facto chitaganya ongokhala Chitaganya cha Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, Republika Srpska ndi Brcko District.

Kuyambira mu 1996, Bosnia ndi Herzegovina wodzilamula aphungu ndi anathetsa positi pulezidenti. Boma kusinthidwa Alija Izetbegovic, analimbikitsidwa ndi membala wa Presidium, kukhala pa izo mpaka 2000.

imfa

Alija Izetbegovic anafa October 2003 mu likulu la Bosnia ndi Herzegovina pa zaka 78. Imfa chifukwa cha mavuto aakulu mtima. Iye anaikidwa mu manda ku Sarajevo "Kovači".

Mu 2006, manda a pulezidenti woyamba wa Bosnia ndi Herzegovina anali litaphulitsidwa ndi vandals.

banja

Alija Izetbegovic anakwatira mkazi wina dzina lake Khalid. Ngati aliyense Muslim chikale iye unachitikira mu mthunzi wa mwamuna wake, sindiye kutsogolera moyo pagulu.

Mu 1956, ku Sarajevo m'banja mwawo anabadwa yekha mwana - mwana Bakir. Kuyambira 2010 Bakir Izetbegović, monga kale, bambo ake, membala wa Presidium wa Asilamu a Bosnia. Iye ali ndi mwana wamkazi Jasmina, amene akugwa mdzukulu zina zotere Izetbegovic.

Cacikulu ziyenera wa

Monga mukuonera, Alija Izetbegovic anali maganizo ndithu chithunzi ndale, koma, ndithudi, iye anapanga zopereka kwambiri osati mbiri ya dera, komanso mbiri ya dziko lonse. Pa dzanja limodzi, ndi pa World Chachiwiri anathandizana ndi mabungwe lopondereza, ndi linatchedwa zokopa chisilamu amene ntchito m'mphepete pa maziko. Komanso, Pamlingo waukulu malo ake Komabe, ngati wina kanjedza andale ambiri a nthawi, ayambe ndi wamagazi Bosnia nkhondo.

Komano, ndi kwakukulukulu zikomo kuyesetsa ake adadza kuyatsa mnyamata palokha boma - Bosnia ndi Herzegovina. Komanso, kuthekera kukambirana anali khalidwe chomwe chapangitsa kuti mapeto a Dayton Chogwirizana motero kuthetsa nkhondo.