Alphonse Bertillon ndipo anathandiza kuti chitukuko cha milandu

France uyu adatsikira ku mbiri monga criminologist wotchuka, analenga njira yapadera, monga zigawenga kuzindikira muzichita ndi kuyeza ziwalo munthu wa thupi la munthu ndi mutu. Alphonse Bertillon - oseketsa kuti anthu ambiri - mwayi kwa zipinda za ndende pamene iye anali nawo miyezo ya magawo thupi akaidi.

Iye kulemba anthropometric chithunzi zokuthandizani kupanga 15 Miyezo. Mwachitsanzo, kupeza kodi kutalika kwa chala kapena pinky, kudziwa awiri mutu, m'lifupi la pamphumi, ndi zina zotero. D. fidgeting zinachititsa kumwetulira, ndi zina nthabwala nthabwala akaidi, koma palibe amene kulingalira zomwe lapeza munthu nondescript ndi mutu lopotana ndi nifty masharubu - Alphonse Bertillon. Muzipereka kwa milandu kuti munthu ali kwenikweni kwambiri. Iye ndiye tate wa njira chizindikiritso cha deta anthropometric, yomwe kenako dzina lake iye bertilonazhem.

Alphonse Bertillon: yonena, mbiri ya moyo

Malo amene criminalist mu 1853, April 24, ku likulu la French. atate wake - dokotala odziwika ndi statistician Lui Adolf Bertillon. Iye anali membala wa anthropological Society of Paris, ndi agogo, Achilles Giyar - analemekeza masamu, zachilengedwe wasayansi, amene ankadziwika m'dera sayansi ku Ulaya. Mu mawu, mnyamata majini zodabwitsa, koma ngakhale mu sukulu kapena yunivesite, iye analibe bwino kwambiri, ngakhale achotsedwa Imperial Lyceum ku Versailles. Ndiye mnyamata Alphonse Bertillon kwa zaka zingapo akungoyendayenda kumidzi French.

khalidwe

Alphonse Bertillon (chithunzi wake mukhoza kuona m'nkhani) mosiyana ndi banja wotchuka analibe ndingaliro kwa sayansi ndi. Iye anali unsociable, pedantic, kulankhulalankhula, sindinkakhulupirira - lililonse introvert. Nyumba yosungiramo katundu anali ndi khalidwe wachipongwe, anali ankakangana kwambiri ndi mnyozo, kodi manyazi chifukwa cha asatipusitsenso a. Ndi chifukwa cha ichi iye anali kusintha sukulu katatu. Mu moyo wamkulu monga kamodzi anachotsedwa popanda kufotokoza ku banki bambo ake anakonza. Ndiyeno Alphonse Bertillon anaganiza kusintha zinthu ndipo anasiya France, French mphunzitsi wakhala m'banja wolemera English. Koma ubwenzi ndi uko kulibe, choncho sakanachitira mwina koma kuti abwerere kwawo.

Alphonse komanso sanali kudziwa kulankhula ndi akazi, kapena zosangalatsa nthawi yocheza. Zakhala kwathunthu mosatsata khutu nyimbo komanso amaonera kukongola. The 22 zaka mnyamata wa dziko mu Royal Army. Zikuoneka, ndipo pano izo sizinali zophweka, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chake ankakangana.

ntchito Search

Patapita zaka zingapo, kusiya utumiki, Alphonse Bertillon zikukangalika kufunafuna ntchito, koma ziribe kanthu momwe wabvomerezeka, samakhoza kupeza chirichonse abwino. Kuwonjezera apo, iye anali asanalandire maphunziro apamwamba, ndipo izi complicates zakusaka. Pomaliza, mnyamatayo anaganiza kamodzinso kupempha thandizo kwa atate wake.

Patapita nthawi, Lui Bertilonu anatha kukonza mwana wake ku Police Prefecture wa Paris ku malo kalaliki wothandizira. Choncho, Bertillon mu 1879 anali mu malo apolisi.

ntchito

Pamene Alphonse kanali koyamba mu udindo wa chizindikiritso azamalamulo, Ndinakhumudwa kwambiri, monga stultifying ndipo pafupifupi phindu kuti iye ankaona ntchito m'tsogolo. Oddly ndithu, sikuti otalikirana naye ntchito, koma m'malo mwake, anakakamizika kuganizira vuto la milandu la makono. Ogwira ntchito m'dipatimenti lake pena kusekedwa zoyesayesa ndi anzake kusintha chinachake, ndipo sanathe n'komwe kuti patsogolo pawo tate wa njira yatsopano - Alphonse Bertillon. Forensics ndi dzanja lake kuwala nthawi kuti anali kwambiri patsogolo.

malingaliro atsopano

Tsiku lililonse, anthu ogwira ntchito m'dipatimenti ake olembedwa ndi kuwunikira masauzande makadi ndi malongosoledwe a anthu amene akhalako mlandu. Komabe, anabadwiramo ndiponso umene anakuliramo mwa masamu Bertillon anamva ntchito zake kuti chinachake cholakwika, kuti palibe systematization, zomwe zingathandize pa zochitika zawo. Ndipo, kukumbukira magawo anthropometric, anayamba gauging zina za thupi ndi amaganiziridwa kuti deta likukwaniritsa mu mafunso, zimene zinatsegulidwa oipa.

Kudziwa mbiri ya munthu, kuli kovuta kukhulupirira kuti iye ali woyambitsa wa nyengo yatsopano mu milandu. Pambuyo njira wake akufuna Analeredwa ndipo zinatchuka mu nkhani atolankhani anaonekera ndi mutu mokweza - "French namatetule wa Alphonse Bertillon ndi chiphunzitso wake wa chizindikiritso cha mosakondera", "Long moyo njira" bertilonazh "- wamkulu wa atulukira m'ma 19" .

njira

Pa nthawi imene Bertillon analenga njira yatsopano sanali chithunzi mwayi kapena zala - kudziwa payekha malinga ndi Fingerprints. Popeza nkhani zigawenga si systematized, khadi analembedwa zaka zambiri kuti ukufanizidwa ndi chithunzi chabe. Komabe, kulongosola kupsa anthu ambiri Komanso panali pafupifupi palibe uthenga pa kafukufuku wawo anthropometric.

Alphonse anamvetsa kuti mopusa kujambula pamwamba makhalidwe a mtundu mkulu-otsika, wandiweyani-woonda. Zofunika kwambiri kulemba mawonekedwe kutalika yeniyeni, phewa m'lifupi, m'litali mikono kuti mosavuta, ndi zina zotero. D. Ndiko kupanga miyezo ya magawo a munthu, amene nthawi zonse. Ndipo chizindikiritso m'tsogolo ayenera kuganizira magawo limodzi kapena awiri, ndipo 14-15. Mwina zolakwa tidzakhala sanamvere. Komanso mwapadera, A. Bertillon anapeza kuti kuphatikiza kwa magawo khumi monga kukula, chapamwamba kutalika kwa thupi, circumference mutu ndi kutalika, kutalika kwa manja ndi mapazi, komanso aliyense zala, ndi zina zotero. E. okhwima mwayi anthu anakumana ndi wofanana 1 miliyoni 250.

mayendedwe

Kumene, maganizo ake pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa chithunzi anthropometric anatengedwa ndi njere ya mchere. Komabe, iye anapatsidwa mwayi kuti ntchito imeneyi ndi kutsimikizira nchito zake. Anzawo zosangalatsa za momwe anatenga choyezera m'manja, kuyerekeza nkhope zithunzi zigawenga, amaona mtunda pakati pa maso, m'litali ndi m'lifupi mphuno ndi mphuno mlatho ndi T D..

Ndiye akuluakulu chilolezo azamalamulo ndi kuyendera maselo m'ndende, obmerivaya anamangidwa. Kumene, nthawi iliyonse analandira nthabwala sebaceous ndi akaidi, koma sanali kulabadira kwa izo ndipo anavutika anapita ku cholinga chake.

Nthawi zonse, anatsimikiza kulondola kwa chiphunzitso chake: kukula kwa mbali 5 a thupi sizili zofanana pa nthawi yomweyo. Kale ndi pa dzanja umboni wochirikiza chiphunzitsochi wake, iye akuluakulu kukula kwake. Koma kunali kofunika kukonza zonse, zinali yabwino kugwiritsa ntchito deta mu chizindikiritso cha zigawenga. Inde, analinso ndi kuthana ndi Alphonse Bertillon.

Ulaliki wa buku yomaliza ya njira yake inali kutenga malo pokhapokha iye anaika onse pa maalumali, ndipo iwo adzatha ntchito dziko azamalamulo lonse.

systematization

Kamodzi miyezo ya asonkhanitsa, kunali koyenera kuti akonze khadi index zimene zinali zotheka kuti muwapeze mosavuta mbiri ankafuna.

Malingana ndi chiphunzitso Bertillon, pamene ntchito khadi file 90 000 Mbiri akhoza kukhala mu malo oyamba kulemba monga mbali yaikulu ya kutalika kwa mutu, ndiyeno zonse mitundu ya zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu waukulu. Pankhaniyi, aliyense adzakhala ndi makadi 30 000.

Ndiye, ngati kotunga chachiwiri chizindikiro monga m'lifupi mutu, pa maziko a njira imeneyi, unit adzakhala ndi magulu 9, omwe ndi makadi 10,000.

Ngati inu ntchito 11 magawo aliyense bokosi adzatero 10-12 okha mbiri. Zonsezi anapereka mkulu waboma la French apolisi chigawenga, Bambo Surete. Komabe, zimene poyamba kovuta ziwerengero wopandamalire kutchulidwa mizati, ndipo anamulangiza kenanso kusokoneza zamkhutu iliyonse. Komabe, Alfonso sanafooke ndipo anayesera mwakukhoza kwake kutsimikizira kulondola kwa chiphunzitso chake. Ndiyeno iye anapatsidwa 3-mwezi mayesero nthawi.

Umboni chiphunzitso efficacy

Kumene, mwayi kutsimikizira chiphunzitso zina miyezi itatu anali ochepa, koma Alfonso mwayi. Iye amayenera kudziwa chimodzi mudziwe zigawenga zimene zinali mu nduna zake zovuta file. Ichi chimatanthauza kuti munthu winayo ayenera mlandu kwa miyezi itatu ndi deta Bertillon simupita apolisi.

Kuti ndi chimwemwe chachikulu Alphonsus iyi inali kuperekedwa kwa nthawi mayesero 80 tsiku, atatha mtima. Iye anali wokhoza kutsimikizira chiphunzitso chake, ndipo iye anali posakhalitsa anaikidwa mkulu wa French utumiki apolisi chizindikiritso. Ndiyeno panali ncthito mlandu "Ravachol", zimene zinabweretsa iye kutchuka osati France, koma mu Europe. dongosolo azamalamulo otchedwa ndi wanzeru, ndipo iye ankaona ngwazi yadziko. Komabe, "zikomo" kuti mtima lowopsya la atumiki ake anadana. Koma anali Alphonse Bertillon!

Zala, amene anali anatulukira kenako, anapezeka molondola kwambiri ndipo patapita ake dongosolo oyamba bertilonazh anaphwa mu maziko.

Alphonse Bertillon: Book

Mu 1893, Alfonso linasindikizidwa phindu kwa asayansi azamalamulo, umene umatchedwa "Malangizo pa kusonyeza kachitidwe". Mlembi anapatsidwa m'menemo blueprints zipangizo zimene zinali zofunika pa phunzirolo, komanso zithunzi, imene kuyeza njira ziwalo zinali kuonekera.

Komanso amapereka malangizo kwa apolisi, registrars, kodi m'pofunika lembani mafunsoka. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, pa nthawi ino kupangidwa ndi A. Bertillon signaliticheskoy njira kujambula Malinga ndi zimene chigawenga anali kujambulidwa ntchito yapadera kamera chinkafunika m'njira 3: mu mbiri, mazunzo (1/7 la kukula original) ndi zonse kutalika (1/20 nat. mfundo). Zithunzi analinso kuti Ufumuyo mbiri ya anthu, kamodzi anapalamula mlandu ndipo muli ndi kuyembekezera mndandanda Bertillon.