Amene ali ndi tanthauzo la "munthu - nyama ndale"?

Ancient Greece - chopunthira cha anthu, ndale, Chaanthu, ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi, popanda zomwe n'zovuta kulingalira dziko lathu. Nyengo yabwino ya Hellas anabadwa siachilendo kwathunthu ndi mfundo ya boma, anthu ... ndi mmene kwambiri, tili ndi kuyamika izi wotchuka nzeru zapamwamba Aristotle, dzina lake, pamodzi ndi Plato ndi Socrates bwino kuti aliyense wa ife. Robert m'munda wa sayansi zachilengedwe, logic, apamwamba, maphunziro, chikhalidwe akhoza kulankhula mpaka kalekale. Ndipo Iye ananena kuti munthu - nyama ndale. Kuti timvetse tanthauzo la Aristotle, ndi ofunika pang'ono zakuya mu ziphunzitso zake.

Aristotle: yochepa yonena

"Munthu - nyama ndale ..." Aristotle, mlembi wa mawu amenewa, amakhala ndi kugwira ntchito mu nthawi ya wamkulu kutukuka kwa Greece, mu 384-322. BC. e. Iye anabadwa mu Stagira yaing'ono Greek njuchi kufupi ndi ku Makedoniya. Kwambiri pa moyo wake Athens, kumene iye akanakhoza kutenga mbali mu moyo ndale. Amagwiritsidwanso amadziwika kuti mphunzitsi Aleksandra Makedonskogo, pakuti ndiye, pamene kupanduka kunabuka Athens ku boma Chimakedoniya wakhala watsutsidwa. Anali mwana wa Plato, amene asapita inakhazikitsidwa osati monga tikufuna onse, koma pa izo mtsogolo. Aristotle analemba oposa 150 Mfundo ndi ntchito ya sayansi, kuphatikizapo "Metaphysics", "Ndale", "apamwamba". malingaliro Aristotle panthawiyo anali zotsogola ndi nzeru. Komabe, iwo anataya kufunika awo lero.

chikoka cha Plato

Aristotle anaphunzira pa Academy of Plato ndipo anali waubwenzi ndi aphunzitsi, kupatulapo mikangano tonse osiyanasiyana chikhalidwe. Plato, Aristotle anadzudzula kalembedwe zazikulu za zovala, chikondi chake zodzikongoletsera chisamaliro, kuganizira mofatsa sankaloledwa nzeru zapamwamba wa. Aristotle, pokhala poyamba Platonist, anayamba kukayikira njira zina za Plato. Kusiyana waukulu mfundo awo pa malingaliro a "abwino" boma, boma chiyambi, udindo wa boma, mitundu ya anthu ndi ntchito munthu mu izo. Kuti Aristotle ndiye ndi kunena, "Plato -. Mnzanga, koma choonadi ndi zodula" Okha ziphunzitso akamabadwa za chiyambi cha mzimu ndi vuto, wophunzirayo anatenga kwathunthu mphunzitsi. Choncho, tinganene kuti nkhondo ndiponso osakhalitsa udani pakati Plato ndi Aristotle monga zinthu zabwino, chifukwa mbali yaikulu ya nzeru zapamwamba ndi kukhala zomveka "kukayikirana" kutanthauza kufunsa mafunso, kumvetsetsa ndi rethinking mfundo wogwila pofunafuna chowonadi. Kuti Plato anathandiza wophunzira wake yabwino kukhala chitsanzo chosiyana a boma ndi anthu.

munthu Aristotle ndi ndani?

Kumvetsa zimene chimodzimodzi munthu kudziwika monga nyama ndale, Aristotle mu buku lake pa "Ndale", ayenera kudziwa amene Aristotle amaona munthu, ndi ndani. Kale mzinda-limati, kuphatikizapo Athens, ¾ anthu anali akapolo, amene analibe ufulu. Dziwani kuti palibe nzeru zapamwamba Greek sanali amakana ukapolo, kukhulupirira akapolo anthu "mwachibadwa anafuna subordination." Kupatula izi, nzika si alendo ndi amisiri. Choncho, Aristotle, kuti munthu - ndi nyama ndale, zinali kokha kwa mamembala a juries ndi malipiro dziko. Chidziwitso towerengeka; akazi komanso alibe chidzalo cha ufulu wa anthu, koma pa nthawi yomweyo ndi mbali yofunika ya anthu.

Ndale: tanthauzo la Aristotle

Atamuyesa mfundo za "munthu", mukhoza chitani tanthauzo la mawu akuti "ndale", "ndale". Greek etymology mawu, ndipo poyambirira anafotokoza statecraft. Policy amachokera ku mawu "ndondomeko", ndiye mzinda ku Greece ndi circumlocution m'madera ulimi, asilikali zake ndi ubwenzi zamtendere. Choncho, m'zochitika zonse za mzindawo, misonkhano, Kuvota udindo boma, mwachitsanzo anthu onse - izi ndi ndale. Banja ndi malonda pawekha gulu palibepo. Aristotle wolemekezeka atatu "Chabwino" wamtundu: mafumu, anthu apamwamba ndi polity (ambiri ulamuliro). Polity anali iye njira yabwino chifukwa Chili chuma cha oligarchy, ndi apamwamba a ukoma ndi ufulu wa demokalase. Chifukwa cha ichi "abwino" a dziko akhale asilikali (Cyprus ndi Sparta anali chiphunzitso Aristotle ayenera zitsanzo). Kuti ndi "zandale" mu nsomba akuti "munthu - nyama ndale" - amatanthauza "anthu, zabwino, ambiri, boma."

N'chifukwa chiyani munthu - nyama ndale?

mawuwa unakhala wotchuka pa Choonadi, pamene izo zinali mu makalata amene tawatchula Sharl Monteske - wotchuka French nzeru zapamwamba ndi wandale. Nthawi zina mungathe kumva leni Greek akuti: zoon politikon. Mwachidule, mawu akuti "munthu - nyama ndale" ayenera kumvetsa motere: Only anthu a anthu osauka, anthu akhoza kupanga munthu. Kuleredwa mwa anthu - chosowa achilengedwe a munthu. Popeza anthu munthu sangathe kuphunzira makhalidwe abwino chofunikira kuti uziyenda bwino za boma. A boma wabwino Aristotle kuika kwambiri mu ufumu wolowezana awo a makhalidwe abwino.

Mu nthawi yathu, kuitana munthu nyama - osati bwino, koma ngati zachilengedwe wanzeru Aristotle anazindikira kuti munthu aliyense ali ndi mfundo kwachilengedwenso, ndipo ndizo zabwino. Ndipo anthu adzatsatira malamulo a chilengedwe, kukhala mu "ng'ombe", popanda kutaya tanthauzo la anthu (!) Ulemu ndi maganizo athanzi.

boma lingaliro

Ponena za boma, ife akunena kwa polis Greek omwe Aristotle (monga, ndithudi, ndi Plato) zimachitika osati ntchito yake yoteteza. Wafilosofi ankakhulupirira kuti cholinga cha boma ndi kuonetsetsa wosangalala (chilungamo, kuwapatsa ndalama) moyo kwa nzika iliyonse. Kupezeka kwa malamulo ndi kugwilizana awo ndi munthu wina wa munthu ndi boma lokha kanthu kena koma mgonero wa mabanja genera ndi m'midzi.

mfundo zosangalatsa

• Aristotle anali mkazi Pythias - zamoyo ndi embryologist (osowa utakhala kwa akazi a ku Greece). Atamwalira mkazi wake nzeru zapamwamba anayamba kukhala ndi kapolo wake, ndipo anabereka mwana wamwamuna.
• Aristotle, pambuyo pa imfa ya mphunzitsi wake wamkulu anatsegula sukulu yake - Lyceum.
• Dzina lake Aleksandr Makedonsky monga Zikomo kudziwa anatumiza Aristotle ntchito luso ku madera akuwayang'anira.
• Akukhulupirira kuti nzeru zapamwamba anali katswiri choyamba. Mwa zina, ndi woyambitsa wa meteorology ndi kuwerenga maganizo.
• Chifukwa chakuti European chitukuko lero ndi mwayi ntchito za Aristotle, tiyenera kuyamika Aluya, amene anagoma maganizo nzeru zapamwamba komanso mwakhama anakopera ntchito yake.

Akukhudza Tsogolo

Aliyense amene ali ndi tanthauzo la munthu monga nyama ndale, anapanga kuti chitukuko cha ganizo ndale kuposa akatswiri onse ndi asayansi a m'zaka zotsatira. Kuti Aristotle zafotokozedwa malo a munthu chikhalidwe ndi ntchito yake, ntchito anakonza a boma, lomwe ndi kuvomerezedwa mu maiko ambiri ndi njira kupanga gulu la boma - ndipo izi ziri chabe mu sayansi ndale! "Ndale" Aristotle kuphunzira ophunzira pa yunivesite, iye amagwira ntchito Analembera digirii dissertations, ndipo lingaliro lake anauziridwa ndi maganizo amenewa lalikulu la Kale, ngati Thomas Aquinas, Marsilius amapemphera ndi Dante Alighieri. Aristotle akhoza kugwidwa mawu osaima, ndipo ife tikudziwa tsopano kuti adzaupereka kwa iye kuti: ". Munthu - nyama ndale" Mlembi wa Mfundo zambiri ndi ntchito otchuka asayansi ayenera anaitana mmodzi wa amuna anzeru mu mbiri ya anthu.