Analysis ndi chidule cha "Chiyani?" (Chernyshevsky ng)

Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'buku kupanga wotchuka ntchito Chernyshevsky - buku "Kodi ndichite chiyani?" - inafalitsidwa mu 1867 ku Geneva. The initiators m'buku lakuti anakhala kwawo Russian mu Russia ndi nthawi buku la inaletsedwa ndi m'Chibama kwa akuluakulu a. Mu 1863, mankhwala ali anazisindikizitsa mu "Contemporary" magazini, koma zipinda, ndi pamene machaputala posakhalitsa yoletsedwa anasindikizidwa. Chidule cha "Kodi kuchita" Chernyshevsky achinyamata a zaka zapita mzake ndi mawu a pakamwa, ndi buku - m'mabaibulo pamanja, kotero mankhwala wapanga kukoma kuganiza pa iwo.

Kodi n'zotheka kuchita chinachake

wolemba analemba buku lake lofunika m'nyengo yozizira 1862-1863 gg., Ngakhale mayenje a mdima a linga la. Tsiku kulemba awonekere April 14, pa December 4. Kuyambira January 1863 ku mitu munthu wa pamanja ndi kuyamba kugwira ntchito censors, koma powona chiwembu okha chikondi nkhani, buku ololedwa kusindikiza. Posachedwa tanthauzo lakuya ntchito adza kwa akuluakulu a tsarist Russia, m'Chibama kwa akuluakulu, kuchotsa ofesi, koma izo zachita - ndichithu achinyamata bwalo la zaka sanali kukambirana chidule cha "Kodi ndichite chiyani?". Chernyshevsky ankafuna ntchito yake osati kuuza Russia za "anthu latsopano", komanso chifukwa mwa iwo wofuna kutsanzira iwo. Ndipo pempho lake mtima mitima ya ambiri a m'nthawi yake ya wolemba.

Achinyamata pa m'ma XIX, malingaliro a Chernyshevsky inasanduka mtundu wa pulogalamu ya moyo wake. Nkhani za zochita zambiri wolemekezeka wa zaka anayamba kuoneka kawirikawiri kuti nthawi zina akhala pafupifupi achabe tsiku ndi tsiku. Anthu ambiri mwadzidzidzi anazindikira kuti akhoza kuchita.

Pamaso pa funso bwino ndi yankho

Ganizo chachikulu cha ntchito, ndipo kawiri chosintha m'chilengedwe - ufulu wa munthu, kaya mwamuna kapena mkazi. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake mbali yaikulu buku la - mkazi, chifukwa nthawi kuti ulamuliro wa akazi sukupita malire a chipinda chanu chochezera. Kuyang'ana mmbuyo pa moyo wa mayi ndi mabwenzi ake apamtima, Vera posachedwa wazindikira zolakwa mtheradi wa chosalanga, ndipo akusankha kodi ntchito pa mtima kwa moyo wake: moona, zothandiza, kupereka mwayi mokwanira kulibe. Motero makhalidwe - ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu kuchita zinthu zimene kukumana ndi malingaliro, ndi mwayi. Komanso kusonyeza mwa moyo wa Vera Chernyshevsky. "Chiyani?" Mwa mutu atamukoka owerenga chithunzi zokongola phased yomanga "moyo weniweniwo." Apa Vera kuchokera mayi ake ndipo akusankha kutsegula bizinesi, kotero iye akuzindikira kuti kufanana pakati pa mamembala onse a munda zidzakhala zogwirizana ndi zolinga zake ufulu, koma chimwemwe chake mtheradi ndi Kirsanov zimadalira munthu chimwemwe Lopukhov. ufulu wa anthu chiri cholukanalukana ndi mfundo za makhalidwe abwino - kuti onse Chernyshevsky.

Zochita za umunthu wa wolemba kudzera otchulidwa wake

Ndipo olemba ndi kuwerenga, komanso otsutsa onse kudziwa ali ndi maganizo kuti zilembo zazikulu ntchito - ndi mtundu wa makope mabuku a ndiAmene awo. Ngakhale osati ncholinga chofuna makope, ilo lili pafupi kwambiri mzimu wolemba. Nkhani ya buku "Kodi ndichite chiyani?" Mu munthu woyamba, ndi wolemba - khalidwe panopa. Nkhani ndi anthu ena kucheza, ngakhale kukangana nawo ndipo ngati "mawu a pa", limafotokoza anthu ndiponso owerenga mfundo zambiri samveka.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, wolemba amapereka kwa kukaikira owerenga ndi luso olemba awo, anati, "ngakhale chinenero ali chinachake choipa" ndipo ndithudi izo si dontho la "talente luso". Koma kwa wowerenga kukayikira ake sali wotsimikizirika kuti amakana buku, amene analenga Chernyshevsky yekha, 'Ndichite chiyani? ". Vera ndi anthu ena ali achindunji ndipo mosalekeza wachotsedwa, anapatsa makhalidwe wapadera munthu, amene wolemba alibe talente woona, sadzatha kulenga.

Watsopano, koma osiyana

Zimphona Chernyshevskogo awa zabwino "anthu latsopano", mu maganizo a wolemba, ku gulu la zonama, si sakupezeka, tsiku lina yabwino ali okha mwamphamvu mu miyoyo yathu. Fufuzani kupasuka mu gulu la mediocre, tilimbikire iwo, munthu buluzi, munthu kukopeka, ena - Osamva - kwathunthu anakankhira panja ya misa okwana kuchiritsa kwa anthu ngati munda namsongole. Luso enaake, amene ankadziwa bwino ndipo anafuna kudziwa yekha dzina Chernyshevsky, - "Kodi ine ndichita". munthu wapadera, m'kalata yake kwambiri, amatha ukasintha kusintha dziko owazungulira, koma momwe angachitire izo, iye ayenera angasankhe yekha.

buku lake Chernyshevsky analenga motsutsana ndi "Abambo ndi Children" Turgenev wake "anthu latsopano" sizikuwoneka ngati choonadi ndi mtima positiveness wake nihilist Bazarov. Cardinality mafano amenewa kukhazikitsa ntchito yaikulu: Turgenev ngwazi monga nokha onse ozungulira wakale, anakumana wake "bwino udindo", ndiye kuwononga, pamene Chernyshevsky otchulidwa yaitali akuyesera kuti amange chinachake, kulenga, kuwononga patsogolo.

Mapangidwe "munthu watsopano" mu pakati pa XIX atumwi

Ntchito izi awiri a olemba kwambiri Russian anayamba owerenga ndi anthu okololiteraturnoy theka lachiwiri la m'zaka za m'ma XIX, mtundu wa chabwino - chabwino cha kuwala mu mdima. Ndipo Chernyshevsky ndi Turgenev mokweza analengeza kuti kuli "munthu watsopano", kufunikira kwake mu mapangidwe maganizo wapadera wa anthu, angathe kuchita kusintha ofunika dziko.

Ngati mukuwerenga ndi kumasulira chidule cha "Kodi ndichite chiyani?" Chernyshevsky mu ndege maganizo chosintha anachita chidwi kwambiri maganizo a gawo osiyana a anthu zaka zimenezo, ambiri mbali yophiphiritsa mankhwala idzakhala yophweka kufotokoza. "Fano grooms mkwatibwi wake", anamuona Vera Pavlovna mu loto lake chachiwiri, si kanthu koma "Kukwera" - kuti mapeto anapangidwa ankakhala zaka olemba osiyana kuchokera kumbali zonse kuphunzira ndiponso tione buku. Mophiphiritsa amalembedwa ndi zinthu zina zomwe mu buku la nkhani, kaya ndi chamoyo kapena ayi.

A pang'ono za chiphunzitso cha egoism zomveka

Kufuna kusintha, osati kokha kwa tokha, osati mabanja awo komanso akuthamanga ena onse kudzera buku lonse. Ichi ndicho chenicheni si ofanana ndi chiphunzitso cha kuwerengetsa phindu zawo ndi kuwuluridwa mu "abambo ndi ana" Turgenev. Mu njira zambiri, ndi olemba anzake Chernyshevski Nayenso kukhulupirira kuti munthu aliyense zikhoza, koma ayenera mosamala kuwerengera ndi kudziwa njira yanu munthu chimwemwe. Koma nthawi yomweyo iye anati kuti inu mukhoza sangalalani atazunguliridwa ndi anthu omwewo osangalala. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ziwembu za mabuku awiri: ngwazi Chernyshevsky akupeka thanzi labwino kwa onse, Turgenev a Bazarov kulenga chimwemwe chanu mosatengera anthu ena. Anthu pafupi nafe kudzera buku lake Chernyshevsky.

"Ndichite chiyani?", The kusanthula zomwe timapereka kwa kafukufuku wathu, chifukwa ndi oyandikira awerenga Turgenev ndi "abambo ndi ana."

Mwachidule za chiwembu

Monga kale kudziwa owerenga, konse amene ali m'manja mwa Aroma Chernyshevskogo, ndi protagonist ntchito - Vera. Kudzera moyo wake, mapangidwe umunthu wake, chibwenzi chake ndi ena, kuphatikizapo amuna, wolemba limasonyeza lingaliro lalikulu la buku la. Chidule cha "Kodi ndichite chiyani?" Chernyshevsky popanda makhalidwe amenewa a m'nkhaniyi ndi mfundo za moyo wawo akhoza anatumiza ziganizo ochepa.

Vera Rozalskaya (Aka Vera) amakhala banja mwachilungamo lolemera, koma aliyense mu nyumba ndi chonyansa kwa iye, ndipo mayi ndi ntchito yake zokayikitsa ndi abwenzi, kuganiza chinthu chimodzi, koma kunena ndi kuchita ndi mzake. Ataganiza zothawa makolo awo, heroine wathu amayesetsa kupeza ntchito, koma ukwati ndi pafupi mu mzimu Dmitriem Lopuhovym amapereka mtsikana ufulu ndiponso njira ya moyo, zimene iye maloto. Vera akupanga kusoka msonkhano ndi ufulu wofanana seamstresses zake zonse ndalama - lingaliro mwapang'onopang'ono kwambiri kwa nthawi. Ngakhale mliri ake mwadzidzidzi chikondi kwa bwenzi mwamuna wake pafupi Aleksandru Kirsanovu, amene anakhutira kudzikongoletsa ndi Kirsanov mtima Lopukhov sabisira wake wa munthu wabwinobwino ndi kuwolowa manja kwa mwamuna wake, iye sasiya, musatisiye situdiyo. Kuona chikondi cha mkazi wake ndi bwenzi lapamtima, burdock, staging kudzipha kuthetsa Vera Pavlovna kwa udindo kulikonse kwa iye. Vera Kirsanov ndi kukwatirana ndi izi ndi osangalala kwambiri, koma patatha zaka zochepa za moyo wawo Lopuhov anatchulidwanso. Koma pansi pa dzina losiyana ndi mkazi watsopano. Mabanja onse awiri kuthetsa m'deralo, nthawi yambiri pamodzi ndipo okhutira ndi zinthu ofala mu njira iyi.

Umunthu Mzimuyo kutsitsimuka?

Vera Pavlovna Mapangidwe munthu kuchokera kwa malamulo a chikhalidwe cha maonekedwe a anzake, amene ndakalamba ndipo anakweza chofanana kwa iye. Ngakhale unyamata wake, kupanda zinachitikira ndi mabwenzi, khalidwe amadziwa bwino zimene iye amafuna moyo. A banja labwino komanso kukhala ndi mayi wamba wa banja - si iye, tiwonjezere kwa zaka 14 iye anadziwa kuti ndi zomveka bwino. Iye ankasoka zokongola ndipo anapereka lonse banja kuvala zaka 16 anayamba kupanga ndalama ndi kupereka maphunziro limba payekha. Chilakolako chofuna kukwatiwa mayi ake anakumana ndi kukana mwamphamvu, ndi kutitengera ntchito yake - msonkhano kusoka. About kuswa stereotype a zochita molimba mtima ntchito amphamvu khalidwe "Chiyani?". Chernyshevsky mu njira yake amapereka kufotokoza kuti mfundo yotchuka chikumbumtima amasankha kukhala mmene muli munthu. Imalongosola, koma monga aganiza - kapena kutsatira msewu iwo sakondwerera, kapena kupeza anu. Vera chatuluka mwa njira, wokonzedwera kwa mayi ake ndi chilengedwe chimene iye ankakhala, ndipo analenga njira yake.

Pakati pa malo a maloto ndi chenicheni

Kudziwa njira zanu sizikutanthauza kuti apeze izo ndi kuchitsatira. Pakati pa maloto ndi kumasulira iwo mu zenizeni kusiyana kwakukulu. Wina kodi mumayenda kulumpha pa izo, ndipo wina amatenga chifuniro chake zonse mu nkhonya ndi kupanga kutitimira. Choncho poyankha vuto inayambika buku Chernyshevsky "Chiyani?". Analysis wa mapangidwe magawo munthu wa Vera m'malo amanyamula owerenga ndi wolemba. Iye akufuna icho mu thupi la heroine wa maloto ake a ufulu ku zikomo chenicheni kwa ntchito mwamphamvu. Tiyeni zovuta koma molunjika ndi bwino anayenda msewu. Ndipo Chernyshevsky osati amatumiza heroine wake, komanso zimathandiza kuti tikwaniritse kufunika, kulola wowerenga kudziwa kuti ntchito yokhayo mungathe kukwaniritsa cholinga wokondedwa. Mwatsoka, wolemba monenetsa kuti aliyense amasankha njira iyi. Osati aliyense.

Chinyezimiro cha chowonadi kupyolera mu maloto

Mu njira chochititsa analemba buku lake "Kodi ndichite chiyani?" Chernyshevsky. Maloto Chikhulupiriro - okwana anayi buku la - amasonyeza ndi m'maganizo a maganizo amene amayambitsa zochitika zenizeni. M'maloto ake oyamba iye akuwona yekha anamasulidwa ku m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba. Mtundu uwu wa chisamaliro ikuimira kunyumba kwanu, kumene iye anali wokonzeka sankaloledwa tsoka lake. Kudzera lingaliro la kumasulidwa kwa ena izo, atsikana Vera ndi kutitengera msonkhano wake umene aliyense zovala afika nawo wofanana ndalama ake okwana.

Wachiwiri ndi wachitatu kugona kufotokoza kwa wowerenga kudzera weniweni ndi dothi wosangalatsa, kuwerenga Verochkinogo tsikulo (zomwe, poyamba, konse) kuti maganizo a mtundu osiyana kulanda heroin panyengo zosiyanasiyana za moyo wake, zomwe iye amaganiza za ukwati wake wachiwiri ndi kwambiri kufunika ukwati. Kufotokoza kupyolera mu maloto - mawonekedwe yabwino ya ulaliki wa mankhwala, amene anasankhidwa ndi Chernyshevsky. "Ndichite chiyani?" - zili buku anasonyeza kupyolera mu maloto, mawonekedwe ndi zisudzo chachikulu maloto - chitsanzo chabwino cha ntchito fomu iyi watsopano Chernyshevsky.

Mfundo za m'tsogolo, kapena maloto chachinayi cha Vera Pavlovna

Ngati atatu oyamba kugona heroines kusonyeza chibale ake kuti mabuku a mbiri yakale, wachinayi maloto ake - loto la m'tsogolo. Wokwanira kukumbukira izo mwatsatanetsatane. Choncho, maloto Vera Pavlovna wa dzikoli, zosaneneka ndiponso zodabwitsa. Iye anaona kuti anthu ambiri wokondwa kukhala m'nyumba wokongola: Akukonzetsa, lalikulu, atazunguliridwa ndi maganizo chodabwitsa kwambiri, chokongoletsedwa ndi akasupe akuthovoka. Mmenemo palibe amene amamva okanidwa pa zonse - chimwemwe wamba, chimodzi chitukuko, pali onse ndi ofanana.

Amenewa ndiwo maloto a Vera, uyu akufuna kuona zinthu zenizeni ndi Chernyshevsky ( "Kodi ine ndingachite chiani?"). Maloto, ndipo iwo, monga ife tikudziwira, ubale wa zinthu zenizeni ndi maloto a dziko, osati kuwulula dziko lamkati la heroine, monga wolemba buku la. Ndipo kulephera zake polenga ankadziwa bwinobwino mfundo imeneyi, ndi enaake kuti sizichitika, koma chomwe akadali nkofunika kukhala ndi moyo ndi ntchito. Ndipo ichi ndi loto chachinayi cha Vera Pavlovna.

Enaake ndipo mapeto ake pazikhala

Pamene aliyense amadziwa, ntchito yake yaikulu - buku "Kodi ndichite chiyani?" - Nikolay Chernyshevsky analemba ali m'ndende. Mosatsata banja, anthu, ufulu, kuyang'ana mayenje a mdima zenizeni mu njira yatsopano, kulota mfundo ina, wolemba awafotokozera pa pepala, ine sindimakhulupirira mu kukhazikitsa. Popeza kuti "anthu latsopano" amatha kusintha dziko mu Chernyshevski mosakayikira. Koma kodi kuima pansi pa ulamuliro wa zochitika, sikuti aliyense ndi si aliyense amene ali woyenera kukhala ndi moyo wabwino - nayenso anamvetsa.

Buku litha? Yabata coexistence awiri ngati okonda mabanja: Kirsanovs ndi Lopukhovs-Beaumont. Small dziko, kulenga zinthu, wodzala ndi maganizo apamwamba ndi ntchito za amuna. m'madera ambiri padziko monga osangalala? No! Si yankho Chernyshevsky maloto a tsogolo? Amene akufuna kulenga wosangalala ndi wokondwa awo dziko, kuti izo, amene sindikufuna - adzapita ndi nthenda yotaya lapansi.