"Ash" (sitima zapamadzi). Wosiyanasiyana nyukiliya sitima zankhondo za Project 885 "Ash"

Ngati zida ankhondo, sitima zankhondo dziko mbiri kugawidwa ndi mibadwo ya zaka kumasulidwa. Kuchokera "Nautilus" ndi "Leninsky Komsomol" masiku ano chida kumangopitirizabe Mipikisano cholinga otsika phokoso "Nyanja Wolf" ndi "Boreas" osati zapita makumi asanu ndi limodzi, nthawi iyi lasinthidwa kuti zinayi m'badwo sitima zapamadzi zombo nyukiliya zoyendetsedwa. Pa mikono ya Russian Navy ndi kale "Severodvinsk" (K-560) Project 885 "Ash", ndi sitima zapamadzi ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu mpaka m'badwo wachinayi. Anaika atatu zambiri ngalawa zofanana ( "Kazan", "Novosibirsk" ndi "Krasnoyarsk"), pa dongosolo la zitatu. Zidzakhala osachepera khumi kuti mapeto a zaka khumi ndi, zikuoneka. The m'matangadza anabwera kuchokera latsopano sitima zapamadzi nyukiliya chithunzi, anagwira chochitika, lofalitsidwa atolankhani padziko lonse, nthawi zina ndi ndemanga zothandiza, koma ngati fanizo la kukula ntchito za usilikali mu Russia. Mwina maganizo amenewa iyesedwa yolungama ndi dziko lathu, zida zankhondo, kusonyeza zolinga makani? Muli kuyerekeza, mwachitsanzo, zedi a ndalama asilikali ndi zombo zikuchokera.

Zolinga

The zinthu ziliri mu dziko, ngakhale kupanda atasemphana maganizo kunakula msinkhu "otentha", mofanana ndi nthawi chisanadze nkhondo, kuyembekezera chida mavuto Cuba. Independent mfundo anathamangitsa ndi utsogoleri wa Russia zofuna geopolitical mu Poteteza dziko, amachititsa kuyabwa "abwenzi Western." Pa chitsanzo cha mayiko ena, munkachitika mikangano mkati, pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga anaphedwa kwathunthu chuma, munthu kuweruza zolinga ndi zofuna mphamvu kunja kwa njira iliyonse, kuphatikizapo alowererepo mwachindunji asilikali, kuti kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo. Provisional gawo zimenezi aukali mutuluka kuthamanga zamtendere, kenako kumuopseza mphamvu. Usilikali bajeti ya USA ndi waukulu, izo ndithu afika msinkhu zakuthambo ndi kochuruka kwa 700 biliyoni. Madola. Ku Russia sangathe chitetezo ndalama kwambiri, kotero ndalama zosakwana kuchuluka poyankha kuopseza asymmetrical. Sitima zankhondo "Ash" polojekiti - chitsanzo cha njira njira umene anafika parity zovomerezeka popanda mavuto a zachuma. Ngakhale amati ndi wotsika mtengo kwambiri, simungathe.

Mbiri ya m'badwo wachinayi

Maonekedwe onse a wachinayi m'badwo sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya, ambiri, kupangidwa mu makumi asanu ndi awiri mochedwa. Pamene nkhondo pakati pa mayiko awiri sali masked ndi kulankhula za ubwino demokalase, unali wosapita m'mbali ndithu wosadzayanjanika mkangano pakati pa Chiyuda andale ndi azachuma. Waukulu US panyanja chida anali ndege onyamula, munthu lonse Western lankhondo lamphamvu. Wachiwiri "lupanga" kusokoneza Soviet Union, amene League Premier. Mogwirizana ndi awiri awa zinthu zovuta nyukiliya sitima zapamadzi a mbadwo atsopano mu lonyansa zotheka mokwiya akhoza theoretically ndi zolinga ziwiri: polimbana onyamula ndege lolemera, amene anatuluka ndi kuperekezedwa ndi kuwononga sitima zankhondo mdani. Mukhozanso kuwonjezera ntchito ina yofunika: ntchito ya kubwezera kungakupatseni. Soviet Union anadzipereka woyamba zida za nyukiliya sizikhudza. Iwo ankafuna kuti alenge mtundu wina wa chombo m'madzi, konsekonse, umatchedwanso ndi Mipikisano cholinga. Ndi kuti sitima zankhondo ngati ndipo ndi Project 885 "Ash", zopezeka zitsulo pambuyo azingokhala wa USSR, m'zaka XXI. Andale zasintha dziko. mdani Angathe wofanana.

Yogwirizanitsa ndi universalization

CB "Malachite" mu Soviet Union mu makumi asanu ndi chinkhoswe mu chitukuko cha sitima zankhondo latsopano ndi zosagwiritsa nyukiliya. The sitima zapamadzi atsopano anayamba kupanga pomwe pano mu Leningrad. zida wachinayi m'badwo sikuti chaka zolembedwa kumasulidwa zomangamanga. malingaliro nzeru ntchito kwambiri, ndi iwo ali cilamulo mu chikhalidwe ndi ikukhudzana bwanji ndi wonena za luso. The Soviet Navy akubera ntchito zambiri sitima zankhondo, limapangitsa kukonza kwawo, maphunziro adalira, kukonza, ndi kupanga wokha. Panali ndithu nawatsimikizira zochokera lingaliro pogwirizanitsa kapangidwe sitima zapamadzi kuti sangathe kuchita angapo ntchito, poyamba zizipezeka pa zombo apadera, kapena pamaziko a chitsanzo limodzi kuti athe kulenga mayunitsi zolinga zosiyanasiyana. Izi sitima zapamadzi nyukiliya zoyendetsedwa ndi mtengo (ndalama anthu a ku Soviet Union anayesetsa), ndipo maphunziro adalira ndi m'Chingelezi chosavuta.

Theka thupi - ziri ngati?

Ochiritsira PL, dizilo kapena nyukiliya inamangidwa ndi cholinga chakale tichipeza thupi olimba munali zonse zofunikira ntchito ya umishonare nkhondowo, ndi kuwala chipolopolo kuphimba ballast akasinja. Pali, ndithudi, ndi multihull m'madzi cruiser ( "Shark" Mwachitsanzo), koma lalikulu kwambiri ndi wokwera mtengo choncho ntchito zawo ndi apadera kwambiri, ndipo vuto anali basi mu chilengedwe chombo Mipikisano cholinga. Malinga ndi chiwembu choyambirira cha polojekiti "Ash" wamangidwa. The sitima zapamadzi ali theka chipolopolo. Kodi zikutanthauza chiyani? Kumene, sikutheka kudula thupi olimba, lili ndi zida zonse, zida ndi makina, ulamuliro zipangizo, ndi riyakitala nyukiliya, ndi zambiri zinthu zina, kuphatikizapo ogwira ntchito. Koma ndi chipolopolo kunja kwa akatswiri a KB "Malachite" zinthu molimba mtima. Anazibisa okha ndi mphuno m'chombo, osati kuwerengera kuwonjezera pa nkhokwezi chida. Front waukulu ballast thanki ili mu malo intercase, khumi anagawira motere: 5 CHB anakonza mu chipinda chiwiri ndi 4 (kuphatikiza owonjezera cholinga kumiza thupi mofulumira) mu chida chachisanu. Muli, wodzazidwa ndi mpweya kapena madzi, nyamulani annulus edging zipangizo ndi zida. Koma mbali Kamangidwe shipbuilders sanali okha.

riyakitala

Mu chipinda chimodzi ndi "mtima" wa ngalawa, riyakitala nyukiliya. Ndi apa kuti akumasula ndalama yaikulu mphamvu ikukhudzana ndi Kutentha nthunzi kuti akutulutsira turbines. Sitima zankhondo "Ash" ntchito zili ndi wapadera magetsi, anamanga pa Integrated-dera-chidutswa. Izi zimathandiza kuti kutentha zikuchitika mu dera woyamba (mwachindunji kukhudzana ndi zinthu mafuta) ndi isanafalikire mizere italiitali kutsogolera kulikonse Sikuti. Khazikitsa yaying'ono, mphamvu ndi megawatts mazana awiri, ndipo pasanathe "fonit" (ndi funso mwachinsinsi). riyakitala ndi odalirika kwambiri, lamulo ili malinga ndi mwayi kovuta kuti mabacteria ake, kungakupatseni nthawi opareshoni wayikidwa akhale zaka zosachepera makumi atatu.

makontena kusankhidwa

Maphunziro sitima zankhondo "Ash" ali ndi nyumba wangwiro, ogaŵikana zipinda, kuti salinso wosiyana ndi ena onse. Naini a iwo, apa pali mndandanda wa iwo:

1 - CCU. Kuwonjezera lamulo positi chapakati pano anaika kupulumutsidwa m'chipinda chimene, ngati n'koyenera, kuchoka sitima adalira, malo hydroacoustic ndi mwayi cockpit lapansi. Oponya timachubu, mosiyana ntchito loyamba kumbuyo chipinda ichi, kupereka njira zazikulu "maso" ndi "makutu" a sitima - pa mlongoti, kulandira ngakhale chizindikiro anafooka ndipo amapereka mudziwe zambiri za m'dera lanu. Sitima zankhondo za Project 885 "Ash" - kwambiri "woona" zombo za kalasi ake.

2 - oponya, choncho mlandu TA okha m'madzi mizinga, komanso zida wothandiza ndipo magetsi kunja kutsetsereka zipangizo.

3, yachinai, zipangizo zimalimbikitsa, sitima kopita zida (magudumu, coolers, mapampu ballast ndi zina zotero.)

4 - kunyumba, apa ndi Kubrick ndi cabins adalira, komwera mowa, chakudya, mankhwala ndi zipangizo zina kuonetsetsa zinthu zachilendo Pamaulendo yaitali lakutali.

5 chipinda otchedwa chida. Kuwonjezera zida yoopsa, ngati tatchulazi, palinso wa ballast akasinja.

6 - riyakitala, kuwonjezera pa amagetsi amaperekedwa ndi thanki wothandiza kwa malipiro a chiyambi zimachitika.

7 chipinda otchedwa chopangira mphamvu ya. Ndi malo otentha nthunzi Zosintha mphamvu zake kwa tinakwera kutsinde. Ngakhale apa pali 5 BTF.

Mu 8 ndi lolunjika zida makina, ndipo ali ndi zolinga zimaswa kupulumutsidwa.

9-TH chipinda wotchedwa wolima. Kumasulira kwa chilankhulo cha nyanja zikutanthauza kuti pali amapezeka kulamulira yopingasa ndi ofukula chiwongolero mwa actuators hayidiroliki.

wobisala

Nyukiliya sitima zapamadzi "Ash" udaikidwa kuti kudziwika ake zidabweretsa mabvuto. Childs, pamaso pa sitima zapamadzi m'dera lililonse la nyanja dziko "masamu" pa zifukwa zingapo: phokoso ndi wononga njira, njanji radiological, kutentha madyaidya ndikuledzera, ndi zowoneka mwa zigawo mandala madzi. Limatchula sitima ndi maginito opangidwa ndi zitsulo. Pofuna kuchepetsa aone ndi kuopsa okwirira detonator kumva kusintha minda malo amodzi, zombo madoko ndi m'misewu pansi ndondomeko demagnetization. The ntchito nyumba NPS 885 unapangidwa aloyi wapadera zitsulo kuti ndi ofanana katundu ku paramagnetic. Phokoso ndi amachepa ndi 15 decibels awo yafupika kokha mwa chosintha dongosolo mphamvu Kamangidwe dera. Makamaka phokoso kungolandira ❖ kuyanika ndi anapanga bwato "chete." Ntchito ndi zina zothetsera kuchepetsa aone. Tinakwera munthu, chopangidwa ndi luso lapadera, limene limapereka otsika phokoso akuthamanga.

zida

Tsopano chinthu chachikulu, chimene yonse ya zida akhoza vuto la kusowa kwa ntchito "Ash". The sitima zapamadzi ziri pa bolodi launchers eyiti kutsinde mtundu kuti "onekisi". Popeza ngalawa imagwira, iwo akhoza m'malo pa 3M54 ( "nofeki") kapena "likungosonyeza" 3M14. Aliyense PU akhoza kumasula 4 mivi wovuta. Kutsogoleredwa zida zovuta 3P-14P dongosolo. Mivi liziwomba mipherezero nthaka ndi padziko, kudutsa njira yodutsamo mosabisa, kuwapanga kovuta kudziwa ndi ntchito chida. Mu zinalengedwera yophatikiza mfundo ya "nkhandwe paketi", chimene pakati pa projectiles zouluka nthawi chodzachita nkhondowo Inde akonzedwa mawonekedwe kugwirizana. Chida, amene anaonekera pamwamba pa ena, kutenga udindo ndi utsogoleri, Kutsata zochita za gululo. Mu nkhani ya kuwonongedwa kwa chida mdani kumatanthauza kukutsogolerani ntchito ndi basi kunditumiza ku wagawo wina. Kuthana ndi ananyoza ngati nkhondo sitima kovuta. Pakuti ichi "phulusa" anali wachisoni dzina lakuti "wakupha ndege onyamula."

Khumi oponya timachubu, onse amene ali pa mbali ya gawo lachiwiri kumbuyo kwa lamulo positi chapakati. Zipolopolo - 30 "Physico-1" (533 n'zotsimikizira).

Ngati ndi kotheka, chombo akhoza kuika mabomba, kuchita sonar countermeasures (pakuti ichi "Zopinga" REPS-324), ndiponso kuchita zinthu zina kuti kusokoneza ntchito ntchito za bulu ankhanza.

makhalidwe General

Osati zonse pa chombo, ndipo mukhoza kupeza mfundo kuchokera ku magwero onse. Akatswiri adakali adzaweruzidwa ndi maonekedwe awo kuti ndi sitima zapamadzi. Photos lofalitsidwa pa TV, kulola ife kuganiza pa kukula, ali kwenikweni kwambiri: kutalika mamita 140. Kusamutsidwa adalowetsedwa - pafupifupi 14 zikwi matani .. Likupezeka zoikamo mkulu-liwiro, chomwe chili ndi sitima zapamadzi. Makhalidwe monga ambiri akusiyana malingana mlingo wa submergence nyumba m'madzi sitima amasuntha msanga (31 mfundo), ndi osauka emersion 16 mfundo. Adalira tichipeza alonda 32 ndi 90 oyendetsa ndi akulu. Onsewo ali pangozi, ndipo n'zosatheka kulimbirana kupulumuka akhoza kusiya bwato mu detachable kuthawa ngolo, yomwe ili pa uta. Wina chidwi ndi kuchuluka kwa kachitidwe retractable mlongoti, ataliatali pamwamba deckhouse lapansi. Iwo amapereka kulankhulana odalirika ndi lamulo ndi ngalawa zina. Mukhozanso kudziwa kupezeka kwa zipangizo zina zapadera pa bwato, kulenga lamayimbidwe mudziwe njira kutetezedwa kudutsana. Kuti mudziwe mmene ntchito, palibe mumve zambiri.

Analengeza kudziyimira pawokha ndi masiku zana, koma zoona, osalephera, pangakhale kwambiri.

Technology ndi mtengo

chakuti zombo a polojekiti chomwecho, sizikutanthauza iwo zofanana kwathunthu. Lililonse limakhala latsopano lili ndi ubwino pa m'mbuyomu chifukwa patsogolo luso ndi ntchito mitundu zambiri zamakono zipangizo ndi zida. Zombo mukumangidwa si mofulumira momwe ena zina zamakono, makamaka zovuta ntchito sitima zapamadzi "Ash". The sitima zapamadzi "Severodvinsk", amawatenga utumiki Navy mu chaka chathachi, ndalama moponya biliyoni 47 rubles. Yofanana ndalama ndi "Kazan", koma ife tikudziwa kale kuti chombo ichi mizere bwino, modernized zipangizo, ndi phokoso ngakhale m'munsi. Komanso, ulimi wa zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi Chalk onse sitima zapamadzi tsopano kunditumiza ku dera la Russian Federation, omwe amachepetsa chiopsezo ikudontha mudziwe wachinsinsi za chipangizo awo ndi kuonjezera ufulu kwa ogulitsa yachilendo. Pali chifukwa choganizira kuti phindu lililonse limakhala wotsatira adzakhala kuchepa ndi kusintha kwa kuzungulira sayansi. Nthawi zonse zimachitika, koma chodabwitsa ali mbali ina. Pa nthawi kukwaniritsa ungwiro apamwamba luso lililonse ndi kale lotha, ndi zinthu zatsopano ali okonzeka kukhazikitsa, ndi mawu a mobwerezabwereza umasinthasintha. Chabwino chilichonse "Ash" Project 885, mu Russian KB mwina kale ndi maganizo ena. Patapita zaka zingapo iwo ndithudi sitima zapamadzi latsopano kudzakhala, makhalidwe amene adzakhala bwino.